Hyocholic Acid Species Improve Glucose Homeostasis Through a Distinct TGR5 and FXR Signaling Mechanism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojiao Zheng ◽  
Tianlu Chen ◽  
Runqiu Jiang ◽  
Aihua Zhao ◽  
Qing Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Signaling Mechanism ◽  
Hyocholic Acid

Hyocholic acid species improve glucose homeostasis through a distinct TGR5 and FXR signaling mechanism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojiao Zheng ◽  
Tianlu Chen ◽  
Runqiu Jiang ◽  
Aihua Zhao ◽  
Qing Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Signaling Mechanism ◽  
Hyocholic Acid

scholarly journals Pancreastatin is an endogenous peptide that regulates glucose homeostasis

2013 ◽  
Vol 45 (22) ◽  
pp. 1060-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guru Raghavendra Valicherla ◽  
Zakir Hossain ◽  
Sushil K. Mahata ◽  
Jiaur R. Gayen
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Rat Hepatocytes ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Free Calcium ◽  
Porcine Pancreas ◽  
Signaling Mechanism

Pancreastatin (PST) is a regulatory peptide containing 49 amino acids, first isolated from porcine pancreas. Intracellular and extracellular processing of the prohormone Chromogranin A (Chga) results various bioactive peptides of which PST has dysglycemic activity. PST regulates glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism in liver and adipose tissues. It also regulates the secretion of leptin and expression of leptin and uncoupling protein 2 in adipose tissue. In Chga knockout mice, PST induces gluconeogenesis in the liver. PST reduces glucose uptake in mice hepatocytes and adipocytes. In rat hepatocytes, PST induces glycogenolysis and glycolysis and inhibits glycogen synthesis. In rat adipocytes, PST inhibits lactate production and lipogenesis. These metabolic effects are confirmed in humans. In the dual signaling mechanism of PST receptor, mostly PST activates Gαq/11 protein leads to the activation of phospholipase C β3-isoform, therefore increasing cytoplasmic free calcium and stimulating protein kinase C. PST inhibits the cell growth in rat HTC hepatoma cells, mediated by nitric oxide and cyclic GMP production. Elevated levels of PST correlating with catecholamines have been found in gestational diabetes and essential hypertension. Rise in the blood PST level in Type 2 diabetes suggests that PST is a negative regulator of insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis.

scholarly journals Hyocholic acid and glycemic regulation: comments on ‘Hyocholic acid species improve glucose homeostasis through a distinct TGR5 and FXR signaling mechanism’

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Jia ◽  
Cynthia Rajani ◽  
Xiaojiao Zheng ◽  
Weiping Jia
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Farnesoid X Receptor ◽  
Signaling Mechanism ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Hyocholic Acid ◽  
Glycemic Regulation

Abstract Hyocholic acid species (HCA, hyodeoxycholic acid, and their glycine and taurine conjugated forms) comprise 80% of the composition of pig bile (Haslewood, 1956). An interesting fact about pigs is that they do not get diabetes even though they eat almost anything and in abundant amounts, a diabetes-promoting diet. The first use of pig bile for treatment of ‘xiao-ke’, a condition known today as diabetes, was recorded ∼400 years ago by the Chinese medical practitioners in the Compendium of Materia Medica (Li, 1573‒1593). Recently, we found HCA species as novel biomarkers for metabolic diseases (Zheng et al., 2021b) and also identified the role of HCA species in the prevention of diabetes as well as their mechanism of action (Zheng et al., 2021a). Although bile acids (BAs) are mostly associated with their aid in food digestion, they have also been shown to act as signaling molecules by binding to two particular receptors, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the G-protein-coupled receptor, TGR5. Experiments were thus directed to the effect of HCA binding to these two BA receptors on glycemic regulation in both in vivo and in vitro models.

Supplementation with beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate impacts glucose homeostasis and increases liver size in trained mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 113-123
Author(s):  
Ines Schadock ◽  
Barbara G. Freitas ◽  
Irae L. Moreira ◽  
Joao A. Rincon ◽  
Marcio Nunes Correa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Hepatic Metabolism ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Trained Group ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Liver Size ◽  
Intensive Training

Abstract. β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate (HMB) is a bioactive metabolite derived from the amino acid leucine, usually applied for muscle mass increase during physical training, as well as for muscle mass maintenance in debilitating chronic diseases. The hypothesis of the present study is that HMB is a safe supplement for muscle mass gain by strength training. Based on this, the objective was to measure changes in body composition, glucose homeostasis and hepatic metabolism of HMB supplemented mice during strength training. Two of four groups of male mice (n = 6/group) underwent an 8-week training period session (climbing stairs) with or without HMB supplementation (190 mg/kgBW per day). We observed lower body mass gain (4.9 ± 0.43% versus 1.2 ± 0.43, p < 0.001) and increased liver mass (40.9 ± 0.9 mg/gBW versus 44.8 ± 1.3, p < 0.001) in the supplemented trained group compared with the non-supplemented groups. The supplemented trained group had an increase in relative adipose tissue mass (12.4 ± 0.63 mg/gBW versus 16.1 ± 0.88, P < 0.01) compared to the non-supplemented untrained group, and an increase in fasting blood glucose (111 ± 4.58 mg/dL versus 122 ± 3.70, P < 0.05) and insulin resistance (3.79 ± 0.19 % glucose decay/min versus 2.45 ± 0.28, P < 0.05) comparing with non-supplemented trained group. Adaptive heart hypertrophy was observed only in the non-supplemented trained group (4.82 ± 0.05 mg/gBW versus 5.12 ± 0.13, P < 0.05). There was a higher hepatic insulin-like growth factor-1 expression (P = 0.002) in supplemented untrained comparing with non-supplemented untrained group. Gene expression of gluconeogenesis regulatory factors was increased by training and reduced by HMB supplementation. These results confirm that HMB supplementation associated with intensive training protocol drives changes in glucose homeostasis and liver metabolism in mice.

FGF21 improves glucose homeostasis in diabetes-prone NZO mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S1-S84
Author(s):  
T Laeger ◽  
C Baumeier ◽  
J Würfel ◽  
A Schürmann
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Nzo Mice

Thermoneutral housing does not influence fat mass or glucose homeostasis in C57BL/6 mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 239 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewin Small ◽  
Henry Gong ◽  
Christian Yassmin ◽  
Gregory J Cooney ◽  
Amanda E Brandon
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Housing Temperature ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Normal Chow ◽  
Obesogenic Diet

One major factor affecting physiology often overlooked when comparing data from animal models and humans is the effect of ambient temperature. The majority of rodent housing is maintained at ~22°C, the thermoneutral temperature for lightly clothed humans. However, mice have a much higher thermoneutral temperature of ~30°C, consequently data collected at 22°C in mice could be influenced by animals being exposed to a chronic cold stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of housing temperature on glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism of mice fed normal chow or a high-fat, obesogenic diet (HFD). Male C57BL/6J(Arc) mice were housed at standard temperature (22°C) or at thermoneutrality (29°C) and fed either chow or a 60% HFD for 13 weeks. The HFD increased fat mass and produced glucose intolerance as expected but this was not exacerbated in mice housed at thermoneutrality. Changing the ambient temperature, however, did alter energy expenditure, food intake, lipid content and glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle, liver and brown adipose tissue. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that mice regulate energy balance at different housing temperatures to maintain whole-body glucose tolerance and adiposity irrespective of the diet. Despite this, metabolic differences in individual tissues were apparent. In conclusion, dietary intervention in mice has a greater impact on adiposity and glucose metabolism than housing temperature although temperature is still a significant factor in regulating metabolic parameters in individual tissues.

Foxo1-Ser253 Phosphorylation Regulates Glucose Homeostasis in Mice

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1883-P
Author(s):  
HUI YAN ◽  
YUXIN WU ◽  
QUAN PAN ◽  
ZHENG SHEN ◽  
HONGTING ZHENG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Homeostasis
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