The Effect of Past Performance and Task Type on Managers’ Target Setting Decisions: An Experimental Investigation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus C. Arnold ◽  
Martin Artz ◽  
Ivo Tafkov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Past Performance ◽  
Target Setting ◽  
And Task

The Influence of Hypertext Linking Structures on the Efficiency of Information Retrieval

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Mohageg
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Performance Gain ◽  
Hierarchical Network ◽  
Novice Users ◽  
Task Variables ◽  
Information Domain ◽  
Better Than ◽  
And Task

Hypertext systems parse documents into components connected by machine-supported links. This study investigated several usability issues relating to linking configurations in an information retrieval application. A HyperCardTM-based geography data base was used as the information domain. Linear, hierarchical, network, and combination hierarchical/network linking were of particular interest. In addition, the number of required links (two, four, or six links to reach the answer) and task type were the task variables studied. Task type refers to expert programmers' judgments as to whether a task is best suited to a hierarchical or network linking configuration. The intention was to identify the task situations under which each linking structure excels. Results indicated that users of the hierarchical linking structure performed significantly better than those using network linking (on average requiring 49 s less per task). Subjects using the combination condition performed no worse than those using the hierarchical condition, yet the combination condition provided no consistent advantages. Hence, for novice users of a system, no performance gain results from the inclusion of network links (in isolation or in combination with hierarchical).

Investigating task and modality switching costs using bimodal stimuli

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Raj Sandhu ◽  
Ben Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Task Switching ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Switching Costs ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Task Repetition ◽  
Specific Combination ◽  
Task Change ◽  
Modality Switching ◽  
And Task

Investigations of concurrent task and modality switching effects have to date been studied under conditions of uni-modal stimulus presentation. As such, it is difficult to directly compare resultant task and modality switching effects, as the stimuli afford both tasks on each trial, but only one modality. The current study investigated task and modality switching using bi-modal stimulus presentation under various cue conditions: task and modality (double cue), either task or modality (single cue) or no cue. Participants responded to either the identity or the position of an audio–visual stimulus. Switching effects were defined as staying within a modality/task (repetition) or switching into a modality/task (change) from trial n − 1 to trial n, with analysis performed on trial n data. While task and modality switching costs were sub-additive across all conditions replicating previous data, modality switching effects were dependent on the modality being attended, and task switching effects were dependent on the task being performed. Specifically, visual responding and position responding revealed significant costs associated with modality and task switching, while auditory responding and identity responding revealed significant gains associated with modality and task switching. The effects interacted further, revealing that costs and gains associated with task and modality switching varying with the specific combination of modality and task type. The current study reconciles previous data by suggesting that efficiently processed modality/task information benefits from repetition while less efficiently processed information benefits from change due to less interference of preferred processing across consecutive trials.

scholarly journals Mixing It Up: How Mixed Groups of Humans and Machines Modulate Conformity

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 242-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hertz ◽  
Tyler Shaw ◽  
Ewart J. de Visser ◽  
Eva Wiese
Keyword(s):  
Group Composition ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Mixed Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Task Types ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
Group Opinion ◽  
Analytical Task ◽  
And Task

This study examines to what extent mixed groups of computers and humans are able to produce conformity effects in human interaction partners. Previous studies reveal that nonhuman groups can induce conformity under certain circumstances, but it is unknown to what extent mixed groups of human and nonhuman agents are able to produce similar effects. It is also unknown how varying the number of human agents per group can affect conformity. Participants were assigned to one of five groups varying in their proportion of human to nonhuman agent composition and were asked to complete a social and analytical task with the assigned group. These task types were chosen to represent tasks which humans (i.e., social task) or computers (i.e., analytical task) may be perceived as having greater expertise in, as well as roughly approximating real-world tasks humans may complete. A mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed higher rates of conformity (i.e., percentage of time participants answered in line with their group on critical trials) with the group opinion for the analytical versus the social task. In addition, there was an impact of the ratio of human to nonhuman agents per group on conformity on the social task, with higher conformity with the group opinion as the number of humans in the group increased. No such effect was observed for the analytical task. The findings suggest that mixed groups produce different levels of conformity depending on group composition and task type. Designers of systems should be aware that group composition and task type may influence compliance and should design systems accordingly.

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