Productivité du travail : les divergences entre pays développés sont-elles durables ? (Labour Productivity: Are Diverging Trends between Developed Countries Durable?)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément Bosquet ◽  
Michel Fouquin
Keyword(s):  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries

scholarly journals Trends in agriculture and food production

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
János Lazányi
Keyword(s):  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Total Employment ◽  
Agricultural Reform ◽  
Agricultural Output

Agricultural reform resulted a shift from collective farming to small-scale production in China. This reform also has resulted a strong increase in gross agricultural output, which coincides with a slower increase in labour productivity. At the beginning of the reforms, agriculture accounted for 70 percent of total employment in China and still employs more than 50%. As a result of these reforms, China has undergone impressive economic growth also in the agriculture; the country has become one of the world’s top exporters and is attracting record amounts of foreign investment. The government has also stepped up investments in rural areas to meet the market demand for agricultural products. Results are very competitive compared to Central and Eastern European countries, where agriculture accounted for only 15 percent of total employment, but agricultural reform resulted a strong decline in gross agricultural output, which coincides with a similarly strong decline in employment. When approaching the issue of sustainable agriculture, we have to take into consideration, which China and India feed the largest populations in the world and both countries have had its own agricultural successes in the past 50 years. China has used land far more efficiently than many developed countries. With nine percent of the world’s arable land, China is responsible for the greatest share of agricultural production worldwide. Volume of produced pork, eggs, wheat, cotton, tobacco, and rice has increased and China exports an increasing amount of product each year. China has opened his borders, but do not expose food consumers to price shocks and producers to risks and disincentives. In this paper, the land-tenure system and the trends of agricultural developments are analysed in China and selected countries of EU.

scholarly journals Policy Implication of the Rate of Return Criterion in Higher Educational Investment Planning

2021 ◽  
pp. 157-174
Author(s):  
Mir Obaidur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Formal Schooling ◽  
Investment Planning ◽  
Optimum Amount ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Educational Programmes ◽  
The Face

Financing educational programmes in Less Developed Countries (LDCs) is at the cross-roads. The clamour for socialization of higher education in the face of large number of uncmployeci university graduates vis-a-vis dearth of adequate manpower to feed the development aciivities deserves consideration in a clearer perspectivc. The relatively high incidence of unemployment points out thc econotnic waste involved in using scarce resource. Moreover, for each occupation there is an optimum amount of formal schooling. Thus in some cases, labour productivity declines as schooling increases.

How does finance influence labour market outcomes? A review of empirical studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1197-1232
Author(s):  
Mark Heil
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
National Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Corporate Managers ◽  
Labour Market Outcomes

PurposeThis paper reviews economic studies on the effects of various aspects of finance on labour market outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a systematic literature review that reviews the weight of the evidence on the relationships between specific elements of finance and labour outcomes. The review is divided into three major sections: (1) job quantity and job quality; (2) distributional effects; and (3) resilience and adaptability.FindingsFinance interacts with labour market institutions to jointly determine labour outcomes. Firm financial structures influence their labour practices – highly leveraged firms show greater employment volatility during cyclical fluctuations, and leverage strengthens firm bargaining power in labour negotiations. Bank deregulation has mixed impacts on labour depending upon the state of prior bank regulations and labour markets. Leveraged buyouts tend to dampen acquired-firm job growth as they pursue labour productivity gains. The shareholder value movement may contribute to short-termism among corporate managers, which can divert funds away from firm capital accumulation toward financial markets, and crowd out productive investment. Declining wage shares of national income in most OECD countries since 1990 may be driven in part by financial globalisation. The financial sector contributes to rising income concentration near the top of the distribution in developed countries. The availability of finance is associated with increased reallocation of labour, which may either enhance or impede productivity growth. Finally, rising interest rate environments and homeowners with mortgage balances that exceed their home's value may reduce labour mobility rates.Originality/valueThis review contributes to the understanding of the effects of finance on labour by reviewing and synthesising a large volume of literature.

scholarly journals Are Graduates from the Arts-Related Academic Disciplines More Productive than those from the Science-Related Disciplines?

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Victoria Kakooza ◽  
Robert Wamala ◽  
James Wokadala ◽  
Thomas Bwire
Keyword(s):  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
The Arts

The experiences of employees from developed countries affirm that those from science/ technology-related disciplines benefit more through more technological inventions, than those from the Arts/ Humanities-related disciplines. The study utilizes statistical data of higher education graduates to determine a causal link between graduates from the two fore mentioned academic disciplines, and labour productivity in the developing country of Uganda. The data from 1985 to 2017 were analysed using the Vector Error Correction model, and revealed that arts graduates wereas productive as the science graduates. The findings also show the existence of long-term relationship between academic discipline and labour productivity, as well as a bi-causality between the variables under study.

scholarly journals Workers’ health and social relations in Italy

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 835-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damiano Fiorillo
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Objective Health ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
The Individual

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether social relations are associated with the health of workers. It uses two types of health status measures – self-reported and more objective health – and it considers two types of social relationships: individual social relations, measured through the frequency of meetings with friends; and contextual social relations, the average frequency with which people meet friends at the community level. Design/methodology/approach A probit model is estimated from the worker sample accounting for the possibility of selecting individuals in the labour market (selection equation). Then expanded probit models (including inverse Mills ratio) are used on both self-reported and more objective health measures using new data from an income and living conditions survey carried out in 2006 by the Italian Statistics Office. Robustness checks are employed to deal with possible problems when interpreting the results. Findings The study finds that social relations are correlated with health status of workers with differences among health outcomes. Social relations at the individual level are positively correlated with self-perceived health (SPH), negatively associated with chronic condition (CC) but not related to limitations in daily activities. Contextual social relations are negatively linked with CC and limitations in daily activities but not correlated with SPH. Research limitations/implications Although the results are consistent with the argument that individual and contextual social relations influence workers’ health, the author cannot prove causality. Social implications Improving the health of workers could reduce health inequalities and could increase work performance. The implication at a macro-economic level of an improvement in the health conditions of workers is relevant in Italy, where the level of labour productivity is low compared to the other developed countries (OECD, 2013). Policy makers should consider the benefits, both at social and economic level, of public policies designed to improve the social and physical infrastructure of social relations. Originality/value This paper is the first to relate individual and contextual social relations simultaneously to workers’ health. Moreover, it makes several other contributions to this area: it control for unobserved worker heterogeneity; it uses both subjective self-reported health as well as a more objective measure of health based on CC and limitations in activities of daily living; it adopts a multilevel approach to examine in the same framework the individual and contextual relationship of social relations with individual health status of workers, in so doing, filling a gap in the literature on social capital and public health.

scholarly journals Structural-dynamic features of population employment in Ukraine service industry sphere

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
N. Syniura-Rostun
Keyword(s):  
Transition Economies ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
Service Industry ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Dynamic Features ◽  
Structural Dynamic ◽  
Effective Development

The structural-dynamic peculiarities of employment in the service industry are investigated. The facts that the service industry plays an increasing role in the economic growth of the countries and that the share of employed in the service industry in the countries with the developed market economy is 75–80% are emphasized. Therefore, Ukrainian economy has significant capacity for the employment increase in this industry. It is determined that the high share of employed in industries requiring highly skilled personnel indicates the development of innovative-technological economy sectors. It will promote the country’s GDP growth in future. The share of employment in such industries is defined to remain insignificant in Ukraine, as typical for to the countries with transition economies. The structure of employment in the service industry sectors in Ukraine and developed countries is determined to be distinctly different, although it provides Ukraine with additional opportunities to develop competitive sectors of service industry. It is revealed that the average weighted rate of employment growth has declined in 2018 in comparison with 2013 (81.59%), which is peculiar to the Ukrainian economy in general, where the 80.18 employment growth for the same period was caused by decline of economic activity in the country and was related to the unstable political situation and military actions, substantial inflation, declining foreign direct investment, etc. The formation of employment structure in service industry is influenced by transformation processes characteristic for the countries with transition economies. The evidence of effective development of service indusrtry is the growth of labor productivity. The significant share of employment in the region's service industry, along with low labour productivity, indicates the substantial shadowing of employment. In Ukraine, the level of informal employment is the highest in trade, transport and temporary accommodation sectors. At the same time, the growing share of employed in the industries with high added value like ICT, finances, healthcare, administrative and support services, scientific and professional activity, etc. indicates the efficient structural transformation of Ukrainian economy.

scholarly journals THE INNOVATIONS EFFECTS AT COMPANY’S LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Object Of Study

The paper deals with the analysis of innovations effects on labour productivity, work quality, work contracts. Innovations are the basic factors in the growth of labour productivity. The innovations growth provides the release of labor force in low-tech sectors of the economy, the redistribution of workers in favor of high -tech sectors of the economy with high value added, and a major source of improving the welfare of the population and development of society. The methodology includes the interdisciplinary approach application based on institutional analysis, human resource management and comparative economics methods. The systematization of the basic approaches including systemic innovation system, the permanent organizations, innovation diffusion concept and etc. expand the object of study, and allows finding new directions in the study of the interdependence between innovations and labour productivity. The study of Ukrainian economic performance indicators of public R&D expenditures, innovation expenditures, employment in medium to high-tech manufacturing and high-tech services confirms decrease in public spending. The recent studies emphasize the main transformation in the world of work in terms of the labour market, social dialogue, and conditions of work, wages and incomes, and effects on the middle class. The strong institutions play significant role in the process of knowledge accumulation, creation well-functioning market system, institutional and infrastructure development. They are fully consistent with high employment and dynamic labour market functioning. The information technologies development contributes into the average annual growth of labour productivity in a range of the developed countries. The directions of preconditions for innovative development and the formation of partnerships and links between education, business, science, and innovation are proposed.

scholarly journals TFP change and its components for Swedish manufacturing firms during the 2008–2009 financial crisis

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-93
Author(s):  
Pontus Mattsson ◽  
Jonas Månsson ◽  
William H. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Stochastic Frontier Analysis ◽  
Firm Heterogeneity ◽  
Random Noise ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Frontier Analysis

Abstract A driving force of economic development is growth in total factor productivity (TFP). Manufactured goods are, to a large extent, exports, and represent an important part of the economy for many developed countries. Additionally, a slowdown in labour productivity has been observed in many OECD countries since the financial crisis of 2008–2009. This study investigates TFP change and its components for the Swedish manufacturing industry, compared with the private service sector, during the years 1997–2013, centering on the financial crisis. Stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) is used to disentangle persistent and transient efficiency from firm heterogeneity and random noise, respectively. In addition, technical change (TC), returns to scale (RTS) and a scale change (SC) component are also identified. Along with the empirical analysis, an elaborative discussion regarding TC in SFA is provided. The persistent part for manufacturing (service) is 0.796 (0.754) and the transient part is 0.787 (0.762), indicating improvement potentials. Furthermore, TFP change is substantially lower between the years 2007–2013, compared to 1997–2007. This occurs due to a lower technological progress. Policy should, therefore, target interventions that enhance technology. However, care needs to be taken so that policies do not sustain low-productive firms that otherwise would exit the market.

scholarly journals Health Status, Labour Productivity and Economic Growth in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Kelani, Fatai Adeshina ◽  
Odunayo, Henry Adewale ◽  
Ozegbe, Azuka Elvis ◽  
Nwani, Stanley Emile
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Unit Root Test ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Series Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bound Test

The quest for rapid economic growth and development has pre-occupied the minds of researchers and policy makers most especially in less developed countries. This has resulted to empirical inquiry into the causes of growth in a sustainable term. This study therefore examines the impact of health status and labour productivity on economic growth in Nigeria. By utilizing annual time series data from 1981 to 2017, the study carried out ADF unit root test to ascertain the stationarity of the series. The result confirms that the series were stationary at levels and t first difference, hence, the adoption of ARDL bound test to Co-integration. The empirical estimates of the parameters of the model show that both health status and labour productivity have positive impacts on economic growth in Nigeria. This follows economic theory as expected. A further analysis of the significance of the estimates reveals that health status plays a significant role in Nigerian growth process. However, labour productivity fails to significantly impact on growth episodes in Nigeria. Other variable which stimulates economic growth in the country is gross fixed capital formation. The study therefore recommends a policy framework towards improvement in the quality of labour through adequate funding of education and re-tooling the educational system to enhance labour productivity for a more robust growth of the economy.

scholarly journals MANAGERIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING PRODUCTIVITY OF APPAREL MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES IN HOCHIMINH CITY

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-70
Author(s):  
Loan Thi Kim Tran ◽  
Hung Nguyen Bui
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Firm Productivity ◽  
Apparel Manufacturing ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Main Determinants

Productivity is playing a significant role in economic development of a nation. In the context of global and regional competition, productivity is critically important to industries in general and to firms/enterprises in a paucity. Especially, to developing countries, labour productivity is one of the most crucial determinants. A number of existing literature have involved productivity and factors influencing productivity in different ways and perspectives. However, most past studies have examined productivity across developed countries which may have conditions differ significantly from those of developing countries such as Vietnam. Alternately, based on results/findings of the previous empirical studies, researchers have just proposed a portfolio of factors having an effect on firm productivity. Moreover, there is a lack of an appropriate theoretical model into and out of these works. Therefore, this paper aims to bridge the gap in existing knowledge. The work introduces three sections. The first involves reviewing related literature on research topic. Seeking published and un published information relating to productivity area helps author to put forward a model which dig for main determinants to exert an impact on firm productivity. The second demonstrates quantitative research about key factors governing productivity of textile and garment firms/enterprises in Ho Chi Minh City. The last proposes a need for further research to test the recommended theoretical model.

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