The Robinson-Patman Act and Vertical Relationships

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichi Yonezawa ◽  
Miguel Ignacio Gomez ◽  
Timothy J. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Relationships

Adjunctive orthodontic management of a missing upper right central incisor in a 12-year-old male using a fixed orthodontic appliance

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Monica Ndudi Adekoya
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Central Incisor ◽  
Midline Shift ◽  
Orthodontic Appliance ◽  
Vertical Relationships ◽  
Straight Wire ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliance ◽  
Artificial Tooth

This article presents a successful orthodontic management of a 12-year-old male using a fixed orthodontic appliance (straight wire technique). His orthodontic treatment was hinged on creating enough space to accept an artificial tooth, correcting the horizontal and vertical relationships of the upper incisors to the lower and the midline shift. Ultimately, an esthetic smile was achieved; function and self-esteem were improved when the artificial tooth was finally fixed.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional lateral and vertical relationships of inner medullary loops of Henle and collecting ducts

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (4) ◽  
pp. F767-F774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Pannabecker ◽  
William H. Dantzler
Keyword(s):  
Water Permeability ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Short Length ◽  
Vertical Relationships ◽  
Functional Reconstruction ◽  
Collecting Ducts

Functional reconstruction of inner medullary thin limbs of Henle and collecting ducts (CDs) has enabled us to characterize distinctive three-dimensional vertical and lateral relationships between these segments. We previously reported that inner medullary descending thin limbs (DTLs) that form a bend at a distance greater than ∼1 mm below the inner medullary base express detectable aquaporin (AQP) 1 only along the initial 40% of the segment before the bend, whereas ClC-K1 is expressed continuously along all ascending thin limbs (ATLs), beginning with the prebend segment. We have now reconstructed individual CDs that are grouped together in single clusters at the base of the inner medulla; CDs belonging to each separate cluster coalesce into a single CD in the deep papilla. DTLs are positioned predominantly at the periphery of each individual CD cluster at all levels of the inner medulla and are absent from within the cluster. In contrast, ATLs are distributed near uniformly among the CDs and DTLs at all levels of the inner medulla. A second population of inner medullary DTLs averages ∼700 μm in length from base to bend and, as previously reported, expresses no detectable AQP1 and expresses ClC-K1 continuously beginning with the prebend segment. ATLs located within the interior of the CD clusters arise predominantly from these short AQP1-null inner medullary DTLs, suggesting there may be functional interdependence between IMCD1 segments and short-length inner medullary thin limbs exhibiting minimal water permeability along their descending segments. AQP1-expressing DTLs and CDs are apparently separated into two structurally distinct lateral compartments. A similar lateral compartmentation between the ATLs and CDs is not apparent. This architectural arrangement indicates that fluid and solutes may be preferentially transported transversely between multiple inner medullary compartments.

Joint Private Safety Standards and Vertical Relationships in Food Retailing

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Giraud-Héraud ◽  
Abdelhakim Hammoudi ◽  
Ruben Hoffmann ◽  
Louis-Georges Soler
Keyword(s):  
Food Retailing ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Vertical Relationships

Vertical Integration and Vertical Relationships

2019 ◽  
pp. 323-356
Author(s):  
Don E. Waldman ◽  
Elizabeth J. Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Vertical Relationships

scholarly journals Vertical Relationships and Local Peacebuilding in Lebanon: The Case of Responsive Waste Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-234
Author(s):  
Hanna Leonardsson
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Vertical Relationships ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Municipal Waste Management

There is a growing understanding that vertical relationships matter for peacebuilding efforts that respond to local needs. There is little consensus, however, on how to study verticality in peacebuilding empirically. This article asks how we can understand responsiveness to needs through vertical relationships in post-conflict spaces. To answer this question, the article develops an analytical framework of vertical relationships as a peacebuilding function. Arguing that responsiveness to needs is a critical factor in building a legitimate peace, the article applies this framework to the case of municipal waste management during the waste crisis in Lebanon in 2015. Building on 31 interviews in two Lebanese municipalities, the article illustrates the complexity of vertical relationships in a post-conflict space. It concludes that vertical relationships enable responsiveness to needs by drawing on political belonging, thus promoting a fragile peacebuilding dependent on national political divides.

Do Social Connections Mitigate Hold-up and Facilitate Cooperation? Evidence from Supply Chain Relationships

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Sudipto Dasgupta ◽  
Kuo Zhang ◽  
Chenqi Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Firm Boundaries ◽  
Vertical Relationships ◽  
Specific Investment ◽  
Supply Chain Relationships

Abstract We show that prior social connections can mitigate hold-up in bilateral relationships and encourage relation-specific investment and cooperation when contracts are incomplete. We examine vertical relationships and show that relation-specific innovative activities by suppliers increase with the existence and strength of prior social connections between the suppliers’ managers and board members and those of their customers. To establish causality, we exploit connection breaches due to manager/director retirements or deaths and find that innovation drops for affected suppliers after the departure of socially connected individuals relative to unaffected suppliers. Our work sheds light on how social connections can shape firm boundaries.

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