Goldsworthy on Interpretation of Statutes and Constitutions: Public Meaning, Intended Meaning and the Bogey of Aggregation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Intended Meaning

Aux frontières de l'expérience esthétique: le grotesque baudelairien

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-248
Author(s):  
Julien Weber
Keyword(s):  
Aesthetic Experience ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
The Grotesque

This article is about the grotesque in Baudelaire. While Baudelaire's famous essay on laughter plays an important role in contemporary theories of grotesque aesthetics, his own poetic production is often left aside. In this article, I discuss how the grotesque manifests itself in works by Baudelaire that seem a priori irrelevant because of their ostensible use of ‘comique significatif’, a sort of antithesis of the grotesque. Through a discussion of Pauvre Belgique! And ‘Le Chien et le Flacon’, I argue that the baudelairian grotesque most powerfully intervenes in the mode of a distortion of the intended meaning, which leads me to distinguish its reading from a properly ‘aesthetic’ experience.

Directive Speech Act Seen on Family 2.0 Drama Script Written by Walter Wykes

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evi Jovita Putri
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Declarative Sentence ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Directive Speech Acts ◽  
Directive Speech

<p>The research entitled Directive Speech Act Seen on Family 2.0 Drama Script Written by Walter Wykes purposes to describe and uncover the types of form and intended meaning of directive speech act on that drama script. This descriptive research uses pragmatic approach and theory. The collecting and analysing data are focused on the using of declarative, imperative, and interrogative sentences in the text of drama. The forms of those sentences will be analysed to find out the types of form of directive speech act, while the context of those sentences will be used to analyze the intended meaning of directive speech act uttered by speakers. The results of the research are found that, first, there are two types of the form of directive speech acts, direct directive speech acts and indirect directive speech acts. Direct directive speech acts are represented by imperative sentence without subject; imperative sentence with let; and negative imperative sentence. Meanwhile the indirect directive speech acts are represented by declarative sentence statement; declarative sentence if clause; negative declarative sentences; and interrogative sentences. Second, the intended meanings seen on drama script of Family 2.0 are command, prohibition, request, treat, and persuasion. It can be concluded that, the most frequent intended meaning appeared in directive speech acts on this script is command by the use of imperative forms. Then, the declarative and interrogative forms are used to request something by adults charaters; in contrast the kids characters use them to command and prohibit the hearer.<strong></strong></p><strong>Keywords: </strong> family 2.0, pragmatic, speech act, directive, form and intended meaning

8. Retrospect of Mental Philosophy (Periodical Literature.)

1880 ◽  
Vol 26 (113) ◽  
pp. 119
Author(s):  
B. F. C. Costelloe
Keyword(s):  
Periodical Literature ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Border Line ◽  
Emotional Language ◽  
Ordinary Power ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
The Way

The first number for the year is not remarkable for any paper of striking value. Readers of the Journal will be chiefly attracted by the long and clearly written resumé of Dr. Hughlings Jackson's recent studies “On Affections of Speech from Disease of the Brain,” which is contributed by Mr. James Sully. He remarks on the great value of Dr. Jackson's attempts to classify the different forms of aphasia under the three main heads or stages of—(1) Defect of Speech, in which the patient has a full vocabulary, but confuses words; (2) Loss of Speech, in which the patient is practically speechless, and his pantomimic power is impaired as well; and (3) Loss of Language, in which, besides being speechless, he has altogether lost the power of pantomime, and even his faculty of emotional language is deeply involved in the wreck. All these states or stages again are, properly speaking, to be distinguished altogether from affections of speech in the way of loss of articulation (owing to paralysis of the tongue, &amp;c.), or loss of vocalisation (owing to disease of the larynx); whereas the three degrees or stages of aphasia proper are due to a deep-seated and severe disorganisation of the brain. The main interest of the theory lies in the ingenious and carefully-argued analysis of the symptoms, by which Dr. Jackson arrives at the theory that as the process of destruction goes on, the superior “layers” or strata of speech fail first—those namely which involve the ordinary power of adapting sounds to the circumstances of the moment as they arise; after them fail the “more highly organized utterances” those, namely, which have in any way become automatic, such as “come on,” “wo! wo!” and even “yes” and “no,” which stand on the border-line between emotional and intellectual language; next fails the power of adapting other than vocal signs to convey an intended meaning, which is called, rather clumsily, “pantomimic propositionising;” and last of all dies out the power of uttering sounds or making signs expressive merely of emotion—a power which, of course, is not true speech at all.

Schema affirmation and White Asparagus: cultural multilingualism among readers of texts

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley E Jeffries
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Reader Response ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
General Function ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Common Experience ◽  
Mainstream Culture ◽  
Textual Meaning

This article builds on the work of Cook (1994) and Semino (1997), although it begins by attempting to demonstrate that their claims that the general function of literature is to change a reader's schemata are logically difficult to sustain, difficult to demonstrate empirically and counter-intuitive for many experiences of reading literature. Two poems are considered as examples of 'schema-affirmation': the identification in a text of prior knowledge or experience which is rarely or never publicly articulated in that genre. It is claimed that this is a common experience for readers of literary works, particularly for those who in some way feel themselves oppressed or alienated by the mainstream culture. It is suggested that the ability to read simultaneously from a number of viewpoints should become the foundation of any model of textual meaning, and that readers' tendency to construct what they see as the 'intended' meaning is not necessarily affected by their other or alternative readings. The need for empirical work investigating these phenomena is acknowledged and it is suggested that reader-response studies could be adapted to this end.

Speakers' Overestimation of Their Effectiveness

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boaz Keysar ◽  
Anne S. Henly
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Successful Communication ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Natural Conversation ◽  
Consistent Tendency

Successful communication depends in part on an ability to anticipate miscommunication. We investigated speakers' ability to gauge their addressees' understanding. Participants in our experiments were asked to say ambiguous sentences while attempting to convey a specific intention to their addressee. When they estimated the addressee's understanding of the intended meaning, they showed a consistent tendency to overestimate their effectiveness. They expected the addressee to understand more often than the addressee actually did. In contrast, overhearers who were informed about the speakers' intention did not systematically overestimate the speakers' effectiveness. Our findings suggest that when speakers monitor their own utterances, they do not act as unbiased observers. Instead, they underestimate the ambiguity of their own utterances and overestimate the extent to which their disambiguating cues make their intention transparent. Such overestimation could be a systematic source of miscommunication in natural conversation, and should be accounted for by any theory of language production.

Assessment of Workplace Safety Symbols

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 552-552
Author(s):  
B. L. Collins ◽  
N. D. Lerner ◽  
B. C. Pierman
Keyword(s):  
Safety Information ◽  
Workplace Safety ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Preference Ranking ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Protective Gear ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Symbolic Images ◽  
Emergency Equipment

Written signs are commonly used in industrial sites to provide hazard warnings and safety information. The use of safety symbols and pictorials may increase the effectiveness of safety communication, however, because such signs are language-free, and because they can be recognized more rapidly and accurately even under some conditions of interference and distraction. The effectiveness of safety symbols critically depends upon the selection of symbolic images which are readily understandable to the intended audience. A three-phase evaluation of a set of selected workplace symbols is described in the following paragraphs. First, thirty-three messages (referents) important to workplace safety were selected, based upon industrial site visits, sign catalogue review, and safety standard examination. These messages were divided into five categories: hazards; protective gear; first aid and emergency equipment; prohibited actions; and egress. Secondly, two to forty symbolic images were collected for each of the thirty-three referents. These images were rank-ordered according to their appropriateness for a given referent by thirty participants drawn from the graphics and safety communities. Three to five images for each referent (for a total of ninety-one images) were selected from the preference rankings for further experimentation, except for five messages where nationally standardized images already exist. These include laser, biohazard, radiation, fire extinguisher, and standpipe. The final set of images for each referent represented a range of abstraction, complexity, activity, and use of the human figure. (It was hypothesized that less abstract figures engaging in activity might be better understood.) The final phase consisted of two portions: determination of understandability and preference ranking. In the first portion, participants from industrial sites in three disparate geographical locations provided a short definition of the meaning of each image. The images were shown one at a time in a random order. Subjects saw only one symbolic image for each referent. Secondly, all the images for each referent were presented along with the meaning, and participants selected the image that best conveyed the intended meaning and indicated any reasons for the preference. Similar data were obtained from a pilot group of participants who were not familiar with workplace hazards, so that the effects of workplace experience on symbol understandability could be examined. Symbol understandability, in terms of percentage of correct responses and confusions, varied widely for the thirty-three referents and for the images tested for each referent. Despite standardized use for a number of years, the radiation, biohazard, and laser symbols were frequently mis-identified. Symbols for protective gear, first aid and emergency equipment were generally correctly identified. The different images selected for various hazards show the greatest range in understandability, with versions for entanglement, electricity, corrosion, and overhead hazard being quite different. Referent messages for which all symbolic versions received less than 85% correct responses included radiation, laser, biohazard, general warning, poison, combustible, eyewash, exit, no entrance and no exit. The first four referents do particularly poorly for both informed and naive participants. The preference data generally supported the understandability data, with the most correctly identified image usually being the most preferred image. Participants also provided insightful comments about the reasons for their choices, including ideas about the visibility, representativeness, and effectiveness of the images proposed for each referent.

On the role of Ramsey quantifiers in first order arithmetic

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Schmerl ◽  
Stephen G. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Formal System ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Completeness Proof ◽  
First Order ◽  
Uncountable Cardinal ◽  
Consistent Extension ◽  
Witness Set ◽  
Order Arithmetic ◽  
Infinite Set

The purpose of this paper is to study a formal system PA(Q2) of first order Peano arithmetic, PA, augmented by a Ramsey quantifier Q2 which binds two free variables. The intended meaning of Q2xx′φ(x, x′) is that there exists an infinite set X of natural numbers such that φ(a, a′) holds for all a, a′ Є X such that a ≠ a′. Such an X is called a witness set for Q2xx′φ(x, x′). Our results would not be affected by the addition of further Ramsey quantifiers Q3, Q4, …, Here of course the intended meaning of Qkx1 … xkφ(x1,…xk) is that there exists an infinite set X such that φ(a1…, ak) holds for all k-element subsets {a1, … ak} of X.Ramsey quantifiers were first introduced in a general model theoretic setting by Magidor and Malitz [13]. The system PA{Q2), or rather, a system essentially equivalent to it, was first defined and studied by Macintyre [12]. Some of Macintyre's results were obtained independently by Morgenstern [15]. The present paper is essentially self-contained, but all of our results have been directly inspired by those of Macintyre [12].After some preliminaries in §1, we begin in §2 by giving a new completeness proof for PA(Q2). A by-product of our proof is that for every regular uncountable cardinal k, every consistent extension of PA(Q2) has a k-like model in which all classes are definable. (By a class we mean a subset of the universe of the model, every initial segment of which is finite in the sense of the model.)

scholarly journals Complex Inferential Processes Are Needed for Implicature Comprehension, but Not for Implicature Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Mognon ◽  
Simone A. Sprenger ◽  
Sanne J. M. Kuijper ◽  
Petra Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Scalar Implicature ◽  
Scalar Implicatures ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Apply Theory ◽  
Bidirectional Optimality Theory ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
Variable Performance

Upon hearing “Some of Michelangelo’s sculptures are in Rome,” adults can easily generate a scalar implicature and infer that the intended meaning of the utterance corresponds to “Some but not all Michelangelo’s sculptures are in Rome.” Comprehension experiments show that preschoolers struggle with this kind of inference until at least 5 years of age. Surprisingly, the few studies having investigated children’s production of scalar expressions like some and all suggest that production is adult-like already in their third year of life. Thus, children’s production of implicatures seems to develop at least 2 years before their comprehension of implicatures. In this paper, we present a novel account of scalar implicature generation in the framework of Bidirectional Optimality Theory: the Asymmetry Account. We show that the production–comprehension asymmetry is predicted to emerge because the comprehension of some requires the hearer to consider the speaker’s perspective, but the production of some does not require the speaker to consider the hearer’s perspective. Hence, children’s comprehension of scalar expressions, but not their production of scalar expressions, is predicted to be related to their theory of mind development. Not possessing fully developed theory of mind abilities yet, children thus have difficulty in comprehending scalar expressions such as some in an adult-like way. Our account also explains why variable performance is found in experimental studies testing children’s ability to generate scalar implicatures; moreover, it describes the differences between children’s and adults’ implicature generation in terms of their ability to recursively apply theory of mind; finally, it sheds new light on the question why the interpretation of numerals does not require implicature generation.

scholarly journals ISLAM DAN TRADISI JAWA: Pencarian Motif Dan Makna Dalam Tradisi Selametan Mendirikan Rumah Di Dusun Gentan Ngrupit Jenangan Ponorogo

Dialogia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 292
Author(s):  
Miftahul Huda Huda
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Spiritual Education ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
The Past

Abstract:  Encountering between Islam and Javanese culture is fascinating to study. It is proved by cultural unique in Java community, such “selametan” tradition in building the house. Therefore, in this study discover two elements. First, look for the motivation in holding that tradition.  Second, the depth meaning of “selamatan sajen” towards Javanese community. This study conducted qualitative approach and this was case study. This study focused on the relation between Islam Javanese culture. The population was the civilizing of Gentan, Ngrupit, Jenangan, Ponorogo. Observation and interview were used to collect the data. It was found that the existence of selametan sajen is as same as the Islamic assent. It was proved by Prophet Adam a.s and his son also used that tradition in the past. Moreover, the intended meaning of its culture is to pray to Allah. Then the purposes are, first, safeness during the process in building house; second, hopefully neighbors blessing. Selamatan tradition invites their neighborhood and gives them various kinds of food and snacks. Those are called as sajen. In line, selametan tradition such building a house, has contribution in spiritual education. As the reason, its sajen has different depth meaning of each symbol. And it can be seen in Islamic culture. Keywords: Mbah Pujonggo, Singkretis, Nayuh, Kembang Setaman.

scholarly journals Lying in Arthur Miller's The Crucible: A Pragmatic Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-59
Author(s):  
Hadeel Mahmoud Ibrahim ◽  
Juma’a Qadir Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Cooperative Principle ◽  
Pragmatic Function ◽  
Pragmatic Study

Lying is a controversial issue as it is closely related to one's intended meaning to achieve certain pragmatic functions. The use of lying in literary works is closely related to the characters’ pragmatic functions as in the case of Miller's The Crucible where it is used as a deceptive complex phenomenon that cannot be observed out of context. That is, the use of lying as a deceptive phenomenon represents a violation to Grices's Maxims. Thus, the study aims to qualitatively examine the kinds of maxims being violated, the kinds of violations conducted, the strategies followed in the violations, and the pragmatic functions behind such violations across the different categories of lies. To this end, the (30) extracts found in Miller's The Crucible have been all examined following Grice's (1975/1978) Cooperative Principle and Implicature theories. The analysis has revealed that the quality maxim was breached most of the time with a percentage of (96,6~97%), covert violation occupied (66,6~67%) (the same percentages of both prototypical lies and Intentional Deceptive Lies), fabrication was with (83%) and the pragmatic function ''to avoid punishment'' appears with (46,6~47%). This means that truthfulness was violated beside other maxims, and strategies of  fabrication. Such a violation enhances lying, and false-implicature, and intensifies the tragic end for most of the innocent characters. Minor lies are slightly concerned with plot development and events escalation. Finally, the characters lie in order to achieve certain pragmatic functions. However, the most dominant function adopted when lying was to avoid punishment.

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