National Accounts in the Anthropocene: Hueting’s Environmental Functions and Environmentally Sustainable National Income: Translation and Relevance for Ecosystem Services

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Cool
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
National Income ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Environmental Functions

scholarly journals Extreme Inequality: Evidence from Brazil, India, the Middle East, and South Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 119-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Assouad ◽  
Lucas Chancel ◽  
Marc Morgan
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Middle East ◽  
National Income ◽  
Household Surveys ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Social Segregation ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The World ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
Distribution Of Income

This paper presents new findings about inequality dynamics in Brazil, India, the Middle East, and South Africa from the World Inequality Database (WID.world). We combine tax data, household surveys, and national accounts in a systematic manner to produce estimates of the distribution of income, using concepts coherent with macroeconomic national accounts. We document an extreme level of inequality in these regions, with top 10 percent income shares above 50 percent of national income. These societies are characterized by a dual social structure, with an extremely rich group at the top, whose income levels are broadly comparable to their counterparts in high-income countries, and a much poorer mass of the population below top groups. We discuss the diversity of regional contexts and highlight two explanations for the levels observed: the historical legacy of social segregation and modern economic institutions and policies.

scholarly journals Refined Systems of National Accounts and Experimental Ecosystem Accounting Versus the Simplified Agroforestry Accounting System: Testing in Andalusian Holm Oak Open Woodlands

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Pablo Campos ◽  
Alejandro Álvarez ◽  
José L. Oviedo ◽  
Paola Ovando ◽  
Bruno Mesa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Environmental Accounting ◽  
Holm Oak ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
System Of National Accounts ◽  
Ecosystem Accounting ◽  
The Government ◽  
Environmental Income

The scientific debate over how to make visible the connections between the standard System of National Accounts (SNA) and its ongoing satellite Environmental Economic Ecosystem Accounting–Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA–EEA) is a challenge that is still pending. The literature on environmental accounting of agroforestry and silvopastoral landscapes rarely values the multiple ecosystem services of an area, an economic unit (e.g., farm), or a vegetation type (e.g., holm oak—Quercus ilex L.—open woodland). Generally, the literature presents the market value of the products consumed directly or a correction of the latter that reduces their exchange values in order to approximate them to their resource rents. In our previous publications, we have applied and compared our Agroforestry Accounting System (AAS) with the System of National Accounts (SNA), and we refined the latter to avoid the lag between income generation and its accounting in the period in which the product is extracted. These previous publications did not develop experimental applications of the SEEA–EEA with comparisons to the SNA and it being integrated into the AAS. The main novelty of this article is that, for the first time, we present detailed applications and comparisons of our developments of the refined SEEA–EEA and refined SNA with a simplified version of the AAS. The accounting frameworks applied take the production and capital accounts in the process of being updated by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) at the scale of the holm oak open woodlands of Andalusia into account. In this study, we compare three environmental accounting approaches for ecosystem services and environmental income measurements at basic and social prices: our slightly refined standard System of National Accounts (rSNA); our refined, updated and ongoing satellite System of Environmental Economic Accounting–Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (rSEEA–EEA); and our simplified Agroforestry Accounting System (sAAS). We tested them for 15 economic activities in 1408 thousand hectares of the predominantly mixed holm oak open woodland (HOW) land use tiles in the region of Andalusia, Spain. We considered the government institutional sector to be the collective owner of public economic activities, which we incorporated in the rSNA and the sAAS approaches. We discuss consistencies in environmental incomes identified from the results of the three ecosystem accounting frameworks applied to the HOW. The discrepancies in the measurement of ecosystem services of the government institutional sector between the rSEEA–EEA and the sAAS were due to the omission in the former of the government manufactured costs incurred in the supply of freely consumed public final products. The most notable finding of our comparison is that the ecosystem services and the environmental income results for individual market products offered the same values, whichever the ecosystem accounting framework applied. This was not the case with the ecosystem services of public products without market prices, due to the fact that the rSNA estimates these products at production cost and the rSEEA–EEA did not consider the government manufactured production costs and ordinary manufactured net operating margin of government final public product consumption. We also found that, according to modeling of the scheduled management of future biological resources of the HOW, the environmental income shows biological sustainability of the individual nature-based total product consumption.

scholarly journals Auckland’s Urban Sprawl, Policy Ambiguities and the Peri-Urbanisation to Pukekohe

Urban Science ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Silva
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
City Regions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Over Time

Urban sprawl has been discussed extensively with regard to its negative impacts. On this basis, regulations have been put in place to control sprawling suburbanization, including the establishment of restricted areas for expansion defined by administrative urban boundaries. Overall, these measures have not been at all successful, considering that city-regions continue to expand inorganically, often reinforcing urban sprawl patterns. As clear evidence of the weaknesses of planning regimes of control, these unsuccessful attempts are partly explained by a series of policy ambiguities that contradict the meaning of planning as a prescriptive discipline. This ambiguity is justified by the need to frame flexible regulations that allow adaptation to unforeseen events over time. In this paper, using the case of Auckland, New Zealand, it is demonstrated that instead of planning flexibility, there is planning “ambiguity” accompanied by weak opposition from rural regimes, which deliberately contributes to urban sprawl. This is relevant considering that the inorganic encroachment of rural lands diminishes the huge environmental potential of the peri-urban space of Auckland, its ecosystem services, and agricultural activities—all elements that encourage the creation of more environmentally sustainable peripheral landscapes as a counterpoint to traditional sprawling suburbanization.

Balancing the National Accounts: Comments on Papers By Andy Blake and Nigel Pain (NIESR) and Peter Kenny (CSO)

1991 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 86-90
Author(s):  
Martin Weale
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
National Income ◽  
Second World War ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
World War ◽  
National Accounting ◽  
Second World ◽  
Modern Form ◽  
Least Squares Approach

The idea of balancing the national accounts can be traced back to the start of national accounting in its modern form. Estimates of national income had been produced in the years before the Second World War, but the first attempt to cast economic data in an accounting framework was that of Meade and Stone (1941). A year later the first paper on balancing the national accounts (Stone, Champernowne and Meade, 1942) appeared. Had the least squares approach, which Peter Kenny at the CSO has worked on, been computationally feasible at the time, balanced accounts would probably be taken as a matter of course, and would not be seen as a slightly confusing adjunct to the conventional ways of presenting the data.

The Et Interview: Professor Sir Richard Stone

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hashem Pesaran
Keyword(s):  
National Income ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Applied Economics ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Early Introduction ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
King's College ◽  
Econometric Methodology ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Sir Richard Stone, knighted in 1978 and Nobel Laureate in Economics in 1984, is one of the pioneering architects of national income and social accounts, and is one of the few economists of his generation to have faced the challenge of economics as a science by combining theory and measurement within a cohesive framework. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for his “fundamental contributions to the development of national accounts,” but he has made equally significant contributions to the empirical analysis of consumer behavior. His work on the “Growth Project” has also been instrumental in the development of appropriate econometric methodology for the construction and the analysis of large disaggregated macroeconometric models.Throughout his long and productive career, stretching over more than half a century, Stone has been an inspiration to applied econometricians all over the world. His influence goes well beyond his written work. He has made a lasting impact on the large number of (now prominent) economists and statisticians who visited the Department of Applied Economics when he was its Director. He is a scientist, a scholar, and above all, a gentleman. He gives generously of himself and is always willing to help the cause of applied econometrics. He has been a Fellow of King's College, Cambridge since 1945 and has served as the President of the Econometric Society (in 1955) and the President of the Royal Economic Society (during 1978–1980). In the interview that follows, Richard Stone gives us a delightful account of his time as a student at Westminster School, his early introduction to economics at Cambridge University, and he shares with us his memories and thoughts on a long and productive career. The interview was conducted in Stones' magnificent private library in Cambridge, and I hope that readers enjoy reading the interview as much as I enjoyed recording it.Further details of Richard Stone's biography and research activities can be found in:Deaton, A. Stone, John Richard Nicholas. In J. Eatwell, M. Milgate and P. Newman (eds.), The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, Vol. 4, pp. 509–512. London: Macmillan, 1987.Stone, J.R.N. An autobiographical sketch. In Les Prix Nobel 1984. Stockholm: Almquist and Wicksell International, 1985.

scholarly journals A Consistent Series of National Accounts for East and West Pakistan: 1949-50 to 1969-70

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-52
Author(s):  
S. M. Naseem
Keyword(s):  
National Income ◽  
Constant Factor ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Long Time ◽  
East And West ◽  
Constant Prices

The need for a consistent series of national income and related aggregates for East and West Pakistan, which are now separate countries, has been felt for a long time. Both the availability of data and the lack of willingness to make certain assumptions about the "controversial" items of income and expenditure have stood in the way of deriving such a series. Fortunately, however, the controversial items do not form a very significant part of the total and making alternative assumptions about the distribution does not change the pattern of growth of the different aggregates. The value and need for the series in the present context arises not so much for comparing the relative performance of the two economies at different points of time, but their rate of growth in the past. In this paper, we are presenting estimates of GDP at constant factor cost for East and West Pakistan from the years 1949-50 to 1969-70. From 1959-60 to 1969-70, it is also possible to present estimates of GNP at market prices and the distribution of GNP by expenditure categories, both at current and constant prices. In the first section we describe the method for obtaining GDP at constant factor cost from 1949-50 to 1969-70. In the second section, the methodology of obtaining GNP at market prices, current and constant, for 1959-60 to 1969-70 is presented. In the next section, we discuss the methodology of deriving the different national expenditure aggregates for 1959-60 to 1969-70.

scholarly journals Distributional National Accounts in New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Soleimaninajafabadi
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
National Income ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Data Bases ◽  
Factor Income

<p><b>In this study we investigated how are national accounts distributed among income percentiles. Our series display the evolution of distribution of National Accounts (either Factor Income or National Income) using two separate data bases (IR data and HES data) so our results have shown how results are different using different database as well. Findings determine that the gap between poor and wealth has changed neither over period 2006-2015, nor in a wider period of time (2000-2018) since share of bottom50 percentiles from National Income has been between 9 and 13 percent, share of middle class has been between 34 and 39 percent, and share of top 10 percentiles hasbeen between 50 and 55 percent. share top 1 percentile from National Income has increased drastically in years 2005, 2011, and 2016 while share of percentiles 90th-99thhas dropped in those years. We should stress again that our methods and results should be viewed not as a final product, but rather as a prototype and part of an ongoing attempt to provide more and more complete and transparent inequality statistics. As better sources and methods become available, the results always can be improved accordingly.</b></p>

scholarly journals Functional and personal income distribution in the baltics: comparison of national and households accounts

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jekaterina Navickė ◽  
Romas Lazutka
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
National Income ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Personal Income ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Property Income ◽  
Functional Distribution ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Eu

In this paper we aim to cover the gap in analysis of functional distribution of National income at the macroeconomic level and personal income distribution at the microlevel. We compare the information provided in the National Accounts and in the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) for the three Baltic states and in a wider EU context to establish the links between the economic prosperity at the macro level and income distribution at individual level. Comparative design helps identify differences in income structure and inequality within similar socio-economic conditions. As demonstrated, similar levels of per capita disposable incomes in the National Accounts in the Baltics hide higher levels of income inequality than conventionally shown in the EU-SILC. This is to a large degree due to high level of under-reporting of property income and is most acute for Lithuania.

India's GDP rebase may boost investor confidence

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Slow Growth ◽  
National Income ◽  
The Political ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
National Accounts ◽  
Fiscal Consolidation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Investor Confidence ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Manufacturing Data

Subject GDP rebase and its impact on policy. Significance The Central Statistical Organisation's (CSO) new estimates of national income using the April 2011-March 2012 fiscal as the base year suggest that GDP in 2013-14 grew at 6.9%. This compares with growth of 5.0% computed on the basis of the earlier National Accounts series with 2004-05 as base. Further, on the new estimates, GDP growth rose from 5.1% to 6.9% between 2012-13 and 2013-14, compared with 4.8% to 5.0% based on the earlier series, making 2013-14 a year of robust recovery rather than persisting slow growth. Impacts Revision of manufacturing data could help Modi's 'Make in India' campaign, provided it is infused with policy substance. The Congress's leadership vacuum will prevent the party from harnessing the political benefits of the rebase. The government's fiscal consolidation target for 2014-15 could now be easier to achieve.

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