Export Diversification in Low-Income Countries and Small States: Do Country Size and Income Level Matter?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongyeol Lee ◽  
Huan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Small States ◽  
Export Diversification ◽  
Country Size

8.1 Appraisal and finance of intensive animal production schemes

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 439-448
Author(s):  
W. Schaefer-Kehnert
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Wide Experience ◽  
The One

It is a world-wide experience that economic growth creates an increasing demand for food of animal origin, and, once a certain income level is reached, the demand for food of vegetable origin shrinks. Therefore, the proportion of animal products in the human diet is almost an indicator of the income level achieved by certain population groups or whole countries (excluding vegetarian societies on the one hand and pastoral societies on the other). FAO's provisional food balance sheets (FAO, 1977) indicate that, in most low income countries, animal products contribute less than 10% to total energy intake, whereas in high income countries they contribute almost 50%

Significance of Innovation Policies

2016 ◽  
pp. 167-178
Author(s):  
Cem Okan Tuncel ◽  
Volkan Gürsel
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Innovative Products ◽  
Middle Income Trap ◽  
The Developed Countries

Over the past 50 years, low-income countries have increased their national incomes by shifting their production from the agricultural sector in which the efficiency of labor and capital is low to the manufacturing sector in which efficiency is higher. However, underemployment in the rural regions has decreased in parallel to the attainment of the middle-income level by these countries, wages have increased, and the level of international competitiveness has decreased. The countries which could not increase the level of productivity through innovation could not succeed in passing from the middle-income to the high-income level. Therefore, these countries have fallen into the middle-income trap because of their failure to compete with the developed countries regarding innovative products, which require a high level of skill, and with the low-income countries where the labor cost is low regarding labor-intensive products. The purpose of this study is to discuss the policy alternatives required to be followed by developing countries and to expose the inadequacy of the neoclassic approach on which the industrialization strategy is based in the light of the experiences of the countries that have discarded the middle-income trap. The eastern Asian countries that have managed to exceed this middle-income trap have based that achievement on effective industrial and technological policies. For that reason, an examination of the experience of especially Asian countries is very important from the point of view of the countries that intend to get rid of the middle-income trap.

Author Choice of Journal Type Based on Income Level of Country

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Sumiko Asai
Keyword(s):  
Open Access ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Open Access Journal ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Article Processing Charges ◽  
Gold Open Access

Readers can access open access articles for free, but authors or research funders pay article-processing charges to publish them. This requirement may deter authors in low-income countries from publishing in open access. This study investigates the choices that authors make among three types of open access journal and closed (subscription) journals in history, economics, science, and technology based on their countries’ income level. The sample comprises research articles published in journals in English in 2020 and indexed in Scopus. The results show that authors in low-income countries publish more in gold open access than do authors in lower-middle- and upper-middle-income countries, who tend not to publish in hybrid open access and to favour closed journals. Authors from high-income countries publish more in hybrid open access than do authors in the other groups of countries. Although major publishers waive their article-processing charges for authors in low-income countries, these authors amount to less than 1 per cent of the total. Improving the effectiveness of publishers’ waiver policies is necessary.

scholarly journals The Possible Responsiveness of FDI to Electric Power Consumption in Different Income Level

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wondimu Sigo
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Electric Power Consumption ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Regression Result ◽  
Economic Activities

ABSTRACT Modern energy in the form of electricity is vital for economic activities such as for getting clean water, and healthcare, for getting stable and effective lighting, heating, and cooking. However, in developing countries there is a huge shortage of electricity and big gaps in access, while access to electricity in developed countries almost reached a hundred percent. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to shows the possible responsiveness of FDI to electric power consumption in different income-level. Hence, this study aims to address questions, including how is the relationship between economic activities such as FDI and electricity consumption in different income-level. For motivating the research, 131 countries data have been collected from WDI and US-EIA from 1992 to 2016 and both quantitative and qualitative methods used. The cross-country regression result shows that there exists an inverse-U shaped relationship between EPC and FDI net inflow because most high-income countries have a high level of EPC and therefore EPC becomes less important for them to attract FDI. But when we separate the total sample into two, EPC can significantly increase net FDI inflow for middle & low-income countries because for these countries, especially for low-income countries, sufficient electricity supply is important for FDI inflow.

scholarly journals Authorship Equity and Gender Representation in Global Oncology Publications

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Hornstein ◽  
Hubert Tuyishime ◽  
Miriam Mutebi ◽  
Nwamaka Lasebikan ◽  
Fidel Rubagumya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Odds Ratios ◽  
Gender Distribution ◽  
Female Authors ◽  
Sub Saharan

PURPOSE Authorship gender disparities persist across academic disciplines, including oncology. However, little is known about global variation in authorship gender distribution. METHODS This retrospective cross-sectional study describes the distribution of author gender as determined from the first name across variables such as authorship position (first, middle, and last), country region, and country income level. The 608 articles with 5,302 authors included in this analysis were published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology Global Oncology, from its inception in October 2015 through March 2020. Primary outcome measure was author gender on the basis of first name probabilities assessed by genderize.io. World Bank classification was used to categorize the country region and income level. Odds ratios were used to describe associations between female last authorship and representation in other authorship positions. RESULTS Although female authors were in the minority across all authorship positions, they were more under-represented in the last author position with 190 (32.1%) female, compared with 252 (41.4%) female first authors and 1,564 (38.1%) female middle authors. Female authors were most under-represented among authors from low-income countries, where they made up 21.6% of first authors and 9.1% of last authors. Of all the regions, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia had the lowest percentage of female authors. Compared with articles with male last authors, those with female last authors had odds ratios (95% CI) of 2.2 (1.6 to 3.2) of having female first authors and 1.4 (0.9 to 2.1) of having 50% or more female middle authors. CONCLUSION There are wide regional variations in author gender distribution in global oncology. Female authors remain markedly under-represented, especially in lower-income countries, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia. Future interventions should be tailored to mitigate these disparities.

scholarly journals 1170. Do Rotavirus Strains Affect Vaccine Effectiveness? A Systematic Review And Meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S676-S676
Author(s):  
Jordan Cates ◽  
Avnika Amin ◽  
Jacqueline Tate ◽  
Ben Lopman ◽  
Umesh D Parashar
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
P Value ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Strain Type

Abstract Background Rotavirus causes 215,000 deaths from severe childhood diarrhea annually. Two rotavirus vaccines – a monovalent vaccine containing a single rotavirus strain (RV1) and a pentavalent vaccine containing 5 rotavirus strains (RV5) – are used in routine immunization programs of nearly 100 countries. Concerns exist that rotavirus vaccines may be less effective against rotavirus strains not contained in the vaccines which could subsequently cause selective pressure and strain replacement. We estimated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of RV1 and RV5 against vaccine (homotypic) and non-vaccine (partially and fully heterotypic) strains. Methods After conducting a systematic review, we meta-analyzed 31 case-control studies (N=27,293) conducted between 2006 and 2020 using a random-effect regression model. Results In high-income countries, RV1 VE was 10% lower against partially heterotypic (p-value=0.04) and fully heterotypic (p-value=0.10) compared to homotypic strains (homotypic VE: 90% [95% CI: 82, 94]; partially heterotypic VE: 79% [95% CI: 71, 85]; fully heterotypic VE: 80% [95% CI: 65, 88]; Figure 1). In middle-income countries, RV1 VE was 14 to 16% lower against partially heterotypic (p-value=0.06) and fully heterotypic (p-value=0.04) compared to homotypic strains (homotypic VE: 81% [95% CI: 69, 88]; partially heterotypic VE: 67% [95% CI: 54, 76]; fully heterotypic VE: 65% [95% CI: 52, 75]; Figure 1). Strain-specific RV5 VE differences were less pronounced (Figure 2). Limited data were available from low-income countries. Figure 1. Vaccine effectiveness by country income level and strain type, for RV1. Figure 2. Vaccine effectiveness by country income level and strain type, for RV5. Conclusion Vaccine effectiveness of RV1 and RV5 was somewhat lower VE against non-vaccine than vaccine strains. Ongoing surveillance is crucial to continue long-term monitoring for strain replacement, particularly in low-income settings where data are limited. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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