The Impact of Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana on Female Labour Force Participation in India: A Matched Difference-in-Differences Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anup Karan ◽  
Ajay Mahal
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Migration and intergenerational stability in female employment: The impact of differences between sending and receiving countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorian Tsolak ◽  
Marvin Bürmann ◽  
Martin Kroh
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Employment Stability ◽  
Female Immigrants ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Contextual Differences

Objective: This article studies the intergenerational stability of employment in families of immigrants cross-nationally by investigating to what extent contextual differences between sending and receiving countries affect the transmission of labour force participation from mothers to daughters. Background: It is often argued that a low level of labour force participation among female immigrants reflects gender norms inherited from the sending country, or, alternatively, that it is indicative of obstacles to social mobility in the receiving country. We seek to add to the existing research on this topic by providing evidence of differences between sending and receiving countries that systematically affect the labour market behaviour of female immigrants. Method: We use individual-level data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for 35 receiving countries for a 14-year period (2004-2018) in combination with contextual data for 172 sending countries from 1960 to 2018. First, we provide an overview of employment rates and intergenerational employment stability for different combinations of sending and receiving contexts with respect to the labour force participation rates of female immigrants. Second, we corroborate our descriptive findings with multilevel models. Results: Our paper shows that there are changes in the levels of intergenerational employment stability among immigrants depending on the differences in the female labour force participation rates between the sending and the receiving countries. We find that when women migrate from countries with low female labour force participation rates to countries with high female labour force participation rates, their probability of participating in the labour force increases. However, we also find that the levels of intergenerational employment stability in this group are high. Conclusion: Intergenerational employment stability seems to be responsive to contextual differences between sending and receiving countries. We observe the highest levels of intergenerational stability in employment between mothers and daughters in families who migrated from countries with low female labour force participation rates to countries with high female labour force participation rates.

scholarly journals The Impact of Financial Access on Female Labour Force Participation: Evidence from Panel Estimation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-271
Author(s):  
Khai Ying Eng ◽  
Chee-Hong Law ◽  
Yiing Jia Loke
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Financial Access ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Bank Branches ◽  
Automated Teller Machines ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the relationship between financial access and economic empowerment among females, i.e., female labour force participation by testing a panel data of 51 countries ranging from 2004 to 2016. The number of bank branches and automated teller machines, both in thousand square feet and a hundred thousand adults, are applied as financial access indicators. The estimation method employed is the dynamic panel system generalized method of moment estimators. The control variables in the equation are the life expectancy, gross domestic product per capita, and female education enrolment. The results showed that bank branches have more noticeable impacts than automated teller machines in affecting the female labour force participation rate, implying that bank branches' services have a more substantial influence on women empowerment than automated teller machines. Furthermore, financial access indicators show a negative association with female labour force participation, probably due to female discrimination in financial access or the income effect caused by better financial access. Another possible reason is that the development policies could have bypassed women, as indicated by previous studies. To overcome this situation, governments could improve their financial service to ensure that financial access benefits women empowerment, including exploring the microfinance and special loans for female borrowers.

Does Vocational Training Promote Female Labour Force Participation? An Analysis for India

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-173
Author(s):  
Indrajit Bairagya ◽  
Tulika Bhattacharya ◽  
Pragati Tiwari
Keyword(s):  
Vocational Training ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of the article is to assess the impact of formal and informal vocational training on female labour force participation in India, based on the Periodic Labour Force Survey data for 2017–2018, employing a trivariate probit model. Results show that participation both in formal and informal vocational training has a positive and statistically significant impact on female labour force participation across all specifications of the regression models, thus showing the robustness of the relationship. Most importantly, the provision of vocational training helps break the traditional U-shaped relationship between female labour force participation and educational levels. However, the fact that the percentage of formal vocational training holders is much lower than that of informal vocational training holders and that it varies among males and females, points to the need for special policy attention on the promotion of female participation in formal vocational training on a large scale. JEL Codes: J21, J24, J71

The Role of Female Education in Economic Growth of Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis from 1990-2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-93
Author(s):  
Syeda Anam Hassan ◽  
Nazish Rafaz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Female Education ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
The Impact

Education is an essential factor of economic growth and a fundamental right of every person. No country can attain sustainable economic growth without substantial investment in education. Education improves technical capabilities of exploring new ideas and innovations. It improves the quality of life and leads to collective benefits to individuals and societies. In this study, we investigate the impact of female education on the economic growth of Pakistan by adopting the methodology of the simple Ordinary Least Squares regression with time spanning from 1990 to 2016. OLS regression results show that 1% increase in female education, female labour force participation, education expenditure and fertility rate causes 96% increase in GDP of Pakistan. Female education has a significant and positive impact on economic growth. Female education has a positive relationship with female labour force participation rate. The female labour force is dramatically increasing the economic growth. The policy recommendation is that government should allocate more of its budget on education and make efforts for improvement of the quality of education at different levels. The fertility rate has a negative relationship with female education and economic growth. Female education can reduce fertility rate and play a magnificent role in economic growth of Pakistan.

Can globalisation promote female labour force participation?

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-322
Author(s):  
Harpal Sangha ◽  
Robert Riegler
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Economic Dimension ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Economic Globalisation

Purpose This study aims to analyse whether globalisation, i.e. informational and economic globalisation, promoted or impeded female labour force participation (FLFP) in South Asia. Design/methodology/approach The KOF Globalisation Index is used alongside a fixed effect panel data Discroll–Kraay estimator to control for unobserved factors and achieve robust standard errors. The sample covers all South Asian countries for the period 1999–2015. Findings Globalisation does not advocate the “feminisation of employment”; in fact, the impact is negative. This is driven by the economic dimension of globalisation, particularly for younger women. However, this impact is mitigated by informational globalisation that affects FLFP positively, especially for women aged 35 years and older. Practical implications Without support of the right governmental policies, there is a danger of globalisation creating new obstacles for women to enter the labour market. Originality/value This paper adds to the existing literature by using the more comprehensive KOF globalisation measure to identify the overall effect of globalisation on FLFP in South Asia, being the first study to analyse the impact of informational alongside economic globalisation, and investigating whether globalisation affects the labour force participation rate of various female age cohorts differently.

scholarly journals Financial Inclusion and Labour Market Participation of Women in Selected Countries in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Folorunsho M. Ajide
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Economic Participation ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Research purpose: This study investigates the impact of financial inclusion on female labour force participation in Africa. It also complements the existing studies by evaluating how advancement in information and communication technology (ICT) and Trade openness (TO) modulate the relationship between financial inclusion and female economic participation in selected African countries. Design/methodology/approach: The study focuses on twelve African countries while the empirical evidence is based on Fixed Effects, Random Effects and Generalised Least Square estimators (GLS). Data over the period of 2005-2016 are sourced from the World Bank Development database and IMF international Financial Statistics. Findings: The results show that financial inclusion has a non-monotonic relationship with female labour force participation. The study establishes that if the level of financial inclusion can be increased to the range of 33-57 per cent, it would improve the level of women participation in economic activities. The results further show that ICT moderates the nexus between financial inclusion and female economic participation at a threshold level of 38.17 per cent. These findings persist when the TO is used as the moderating factor at a threshold value of 80.90 per cent. The results are robust enough to suggest an alternative proxy for female labour force participation and alternative estimation techniques. Originality/value/practical implications: Ending gender inequality has become one of the priorities in the global development policies in which most African nations domesticate the same for their national planning. There are voices at every corner in Africa demanding the possibility of achieving gender equality in employment, among others. This article is one of the few articles that evaluate whether financial inclusion can be used to accelerate female economic participation in Africa.

scholarly journals Economic Growth and Role of ‘The Missing Half’: A Cross-Country Analysis with Specific Reference to India

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megha Jain ◽  
Aishwarya Nagpal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Private Sector Development ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
The Impact

Women’s employment is an imperative factor in their advancement towards economic independence yet there is relatively inadequate and mixed evidence on the relationship between economic growth and female labour force participation rates. This study examines the impact of economic growth on female workforce participation in South Asian Nations (SANs) from 2000-2015 within the outline of U-shaped hypothesis using panel data modelling. The impact of several key macro-economic variables on female labour force participation is also examined in different econometric model specifications. The effects of economic development, literacy, urbanization and different unemployment patterns on female labour force participation are found to be negative whereas Gini coefficient is found to be positive. The findings suggest that most of the SANs are still experiencing the downward portion of U-shaped (while India being close to attaining the tipping point sooner as compared to other nations) may be, due to being at the early stages of economic development. In the present scenario, policy interventions should handle a variety of issues, including reconstructing access to and significance of education and training programmes and boosting private sector development in industries and regions that would escalate job opportunities for women in developing countries.

scholarly journals Inequality and female labour force participation in West Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-264
Author(s):  
Chimere Okechukwu Iheonu ◽  
Ozoemena Nwodo ◽  
Uchechi Anaduaka ◽  
Ugochinyere Ekpo
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
The Impact

This study examined the impact of income inequality on female labour force participation in West Africa for the period 2004 to 2016. The study employed the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index and the Palma ratio as measures of income inequality. For robustness, the study also utilises female employment and female unemployment as measures of female labour force participation. The study employed the instrumental variable fixed effects model with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors to account for simultaneity/reverse causality, serial correlation, groupwise heteroskedasticity and cross-sectional dependence. The empirical results reveal that the three measures of income inequality significantly reduce the participation of women in the labour force in West Africa. The study also revealed that domestic credit, remittances and female education are positively associated with female labour force participation in the sub-region. Further findings reveal that economic development reduces the participation of women in the labour force in West Africa with the U-shaped feminisation theory not valid for the West African region. The study, however, revealed an inverted U-shaped relationship between inequality and female unemployment. Policy recommendations based on these findings are discussed.

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