Sex-Specific Development in Haplodiploid Honeybee is Controlled by the Female-Embryo-Specific Activation of Thousands of Intronic lncRNAs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miao Wang ◽  
Dong Chen ◽  
Huoqing Zheng ◽  
Liuwei Zhao ◽  
Xiaofeng Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Embryo

The ontogenesis of reproductive hormones in the female embryo of the domestic fowl

1987 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.B. Gonzalez ◽  
E.H. Charreau ◽  
A. Aragones ◽  
C.P. Lantos ◽  
B.K. Follett
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Reproductive Hormones ◽  
Female Embryo

CHICK EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AS INFLUENCED BY IN OVO INJECTED SELENIUM

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. FITZSIMMONS ◽  
K. PHALARAKSH
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Embryo Morphology ◽  
In Ovo ◽  
Female Embryo ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Embryo Mortality ◽  
Significant Depression ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Four Levels

Fresh fertile eggs were injected with four levels of selenium (as sodium selenite) into the air cell and examined after various times of incubation. The treatment effects on embryo morphology, stage of embryo mortality and body weight are reported. The correlation between wet weight vs. dry weight and protein nitrogen was 0.99 and 0.94, respectively, for the 2- to 5-day incubation period. The coefficient of correlation for wet weight vs. dry weight from 6 to 18 days of incubation was also very high (r = 0.97). The four selenium (Se) treatment levels (0.15, 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 ppm of added Se per embryo) resulted in a significant depression of embryo wet weights at 3 and 4 days of incubation but not at 2 days. There was no treatment effect on male and female embryo wet weights from 6 to 18 days of incubation. Furthermore, there was no significant differences between male and female wet weights during this latter period. The embryo mortality resulting from the above Se treatments was 16.2, 15.1, 28.2 and 29.0%, respectively (control mortality was 8.2%), and 99% of these embryos did not develop beyond the 6-day stage. No morphological abnormalities were observed from the Se treatments.

Is There an Association in Humans Between Maternal BMI and the Likelihood of a Male Versus a Female Embryo Implanting? [8D]

2016 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 36S
Author(s):  
Rachael Esman ◽  
J. Lee ◽  
Arielle Yeshua ◽  
Julia Levine ◽  
Dara Godfrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Female Embryo ◽  
Maternal Bmi

scholarly journals Temperature-dependent sex-biased embryo mortality in a bird

2008 ◽  
Vol 275 (1652) ◽  
pp. 2703-2706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne A Eiby ◽  
Jessica Worthington Wilmer ◽  
David T Booth
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Molecular Sexing ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Female Embryo ◽  
Male Embryo ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Embryo Mortality ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

Sex ratios have important evolutionary consequences and are often biased by environmental factors. The effect of developmental temperature on offspring sex ratios has been widely documented across a diverse range of taxa but has rarely been investigated in birds and mammals. However, recent field observations and artificial incubation experiments have demonstrated that the hatching sex ratio of a megapode, the Australian brush-turkey ( Alectura lathami ), varied with incubation temperature; more females hatched at high incubation temperatures and more males hatched at low temperatures. Here, we investigated the causes of this temperature-dependent sex-biasing system. Molecular sexing of chicks and embryos confirmed that male embryo mortality was greater at high temperatures while female embryo mortality is greater at low temperatures, with mortality in both sexes similar at intermediate incubation temperatures. Temperature-dependent sex-biased embryo mortality represents a novel mechanism of altering sex ratios in birds. This novel mechanism, coupled with the unique breeding biology of the brush-turkey, offers a potentially unparalleled opportunity in which to investigate sex allocation theory in birds.

scholarly journals The search for the mouse X-chromosome inactivation centre

1990 ◽  
Vol 56 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rastan ◽  
S. D. M. Brown
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
X Chromosome Inactivation ◽  
X Inactivation ◽  
Chromosome Inactivation ◽  
Chromosome Identification ◽  
Female Embryo ◽  
Mary Lyon

SummaryThe phenomenon of X-chromosome inactivation in female mammals, whereby one of the two X chromosome present in each cell of the female embryo is inactivated early in development, was first described by Mary Lyon in 1961. Nearly 30 years later, the mechanism of X-chromosome inactivation remains unknown. Strong evidence has accumulated over the years, however, for the involvement of a major switch or inactivation centre on the mouse X chromosome. Identification of the inactivation centre at the molecular level would be an important step in understanding the mechanism of X-inactivation. In this paper we review the evidence for the existence and location of the X-inactivation centre on the mouse X-chromosome, present data on the molecular genetic mapping of this region, and describe ongoing strategies we are using to attempt to identify the inactivation centre at the molecular level.

scholarly journals On a Human Cyclops

1895 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 412-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Rare Event ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Female Embryo

While the occurrence of the condition termed Cyclopia cannot be considered as altogether a rare event, the obscurity in which its pathology is still involved makes it desirable that a full description of every case should be put on record. The specimen in my possession was that of a well-formed female embryo which had apparently reached the seventh month. With the exception of the malformation to be specially considered, there was no abnormality either in its external appearances, or in the structure and disposition of any of its viscera.

Altered epigenetic variance in surviving litters from nutritionally restricted lactating primiparous sows

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 430 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Vinsky ◽  
G. K. Murdoch ◽  
W. T. Dixon ◽  
M. K. Dyck ◽  
G. R. Foxcroft
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Xist Expression ◽  
Embryo Viability ◽  
Female Embryo ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Male Embryo ◽  
Prediction Variance ◽  
Embryonic Loss ◽  
The Difference

Feed restriction of primiparous sows during the last week of lactation has been shown to decrease embryonic growth and female embryo survival to Day 30 of gestation. This study sought to determine whether global DNA methylation and epigenetic gene expression of the candidate genes Igf2, Igf2r, and Xist were associated with these treatment effects. Given that these epigenetic traits are expected to be important for embryo viability, changes in variance for these traits at Day 30 were predicted to be reflected in the loss of abnormal embryos at this time. Consistent with this prediction, variance in DNA methylation was reduced (P < 0.001) in Restrict male embryo, and there was a tendency for reduced variance (P < 0.06) in Restrict female embryos. Variation in DNA methylation tended to be correlated (R = 0.42, P < 0.1) with the difference in variance of embryo weights between treatments (P < 0.01), suggesting a relationship between epigenetic changes and embryonic development. Variance in Igf2r expression tended to decrease (P < 0.07) in Restrict female embryos while variance in Xist expression tended to decrease in Restrict male embryos (P < 0.08), suggesting that maternally inherited epigenetic defects may cause female embryonic loss and reduced growth before Day 30 of gestation.

372 X-CHROMOSOME-BEARING SPERM SEPARATION BY Percoll™ DISCONTINUOUS DENSITY GRADIENT AND SEX RATIO DEVIATION IN IN VITRO PRODUCED BOVINE EMBRYOS

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
A. P. Perini ◽  
A. C. Lucio ◽  
A. S. Carmo ◽  
M. C. V. Miguel ◽  
L. Z. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Density Gradient ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Embryonic Cell ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Density Gradients ◽  
Cleavage Rate ◽  
Female Embryo ◽  
Pcr Multiplex

The aims of this study were to separate X-chromosome-bearing bovine sperm by discontinuous Percoll ™ (GE Healthcare Bio-Science AB, Uppsala, Sweden) density gradients, validate the sexing of resultant IVF embryos by PCR, replace the bovine fetal serum (BFS) with BSA in the culture medium, to decrease male development advantage, and verify whether the gradient can be used in an IVF laboratory routine. The gradient was prepared by mixing Dubelcco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM; Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) with Percoll™ isotonic solution with 0.3% BSA, for different densities obtained ranging from 1.110 to 1.123 g mL-1, disposed in 3 layers into 15-mL conical tubes. For sexing, 40 million thawed sperm were overlaid on density gradients. The tubes were centrifuged at 500 g, for 15 min, at 22°C. After centrifugation, sperm sediment was used for IVF. For the control group, a Percoll™ 45, 90% gradient was used. The oocytes were selected from ovaries from slaughterhouse and maturated for 24 h in TCM-199 medium. After fertilization, oocytes and sperm were incubated for 20 h in 5% CO2, in humidified air at 38.5°C. Presumptive zygotes were denuded of cumulus cells, and washed in modified SOF medium and then transferred to 500 μL SOF in four well dishes. Embryo culture was carried out under mineral oil in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2 at 38.5°C, and the cleavage assessed at 46 h and development to the blastocyst stage at Day 7. To obtain embryonic cell DNA for sex determination by PCR, 115 embryos of the sexed and 82 of the control group were used. Two pairs of primers of Y-specific sequences were split in two distinct samples. The first pair detected a sequence of 210 bp, and the second one 196 bp of the bovine Y-chromosome. A third one detected an autosomal sequence of 280 bp, indicating the presence of bovine genomic DNA. PCR multiplex was carried out in the same tube with first and third primers and the PCR of the second one was carried out in another tube. The results were analyzed by X2. Of the sexed group, from a total of 373 oocytes, the cleavage rate was 58.2% (n = 217); 35.6% (n = 133) produced embryos; 36.5% (n = 42) were male embryos and the female embryo rate was 63.5% (n = 73). From a total of 268 control oocytes, the cleavage rate was 63.8% (n = 171); produced embryos 37.3% (n = 100); 57.3% (n = 47) were male embryos and the female rate was 42.7% (n = 35). The Percoll™ density gradient for sperm sexing altered the proportion of IVF embryos toward more females. Because of fast and easy preparation, the gradient can be used routinely in an IVF laboratory and also, BSA can replace FBS for the IVF. FAPESP process number 59357-9 and CAPES

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