scholarly journals The Gender Gap in Wage Expectations: Do Young Women Trade Off Higher Wages for Lower Wage Risk?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaishali Zambre
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Lower Wage ◽  
Wage Risk

Telling Cases That Inform an Understanding of Factors Impacting the Development of Inventors From Diverse Backgrounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-142
Author(s):  
Stephanie Couch ◽  
Audra Skukauskaite ◽  
Leigh B. Estabrooks
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Young Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
School Students ◽  
School Year ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds

The lack of diversity among patent holders in the United States (1-3) is a topic that is being discussed by federal policymakers. Available data suggests that prolific patent holders and leading technology innovators are 88.3% male and nearly 94.3% Asian, Pacific Islander, or White, and half of the diversity that does exist is among those who are foreign born (3). The data shows that there is a need for greater diversity among patent holders. Few studies, however, are available to guide the work of educators creating learning opportunities to help young people from diverse backgrounds learn to invent. Educators must navigate issues that have complex sociocultural and historical dimensions (4), which shape the ideas of those surrounding them regarding who can invent, with whom, under what conditions, and for what purposes. In this paper, we report the results of an ongoing multimethod study of an invention education pro- gram that has worked with teachers and students in Grades 6 through 12 for the past 16 years. Findings stem from an analysis of end-of-year experience surveys and interview transcripts of six students (three young men and three young women) who participated in high school InvenTeams®. The data were used to investigate three topics: 1) ways high school students who have participated on an InvenTeam conceptualize the term "failure" and what it means to "learn from failure," 2) what supported and constrained the work of the three young women during their InvenTeams experience and the implications for policy makers concerned about the gender gap in patenting, and 3) ways the young men and young women took up (or didn't take up) the identity of "inventor" after working on a team that developed a working prototype of an invention during the previous school year.

Boys Left Behind

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Kleinfeld ◽  
Maria Elena Reyes
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
School Environment ◽  
College Education ◽  
Young Men ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
High School Curriculum

The gender gap in college enrollment and completion has become a concern in many nations. The phenomenon is extreme in Alaska, particularly among indigenous people. Semi-structured interviews with 162 urban and indigenous students graduating from high school, and in addition, two single-gender focus groups, suggest that many young men do not see a college education as necessary to financial success and do not expect to assume the gender role of sole family provider. Young women tend to see a college degree as essential to changed gender roles where women are expected to attend college, pursue a career, and not be dependent on a man for financial support. Many young men withdraw from the demands of a verbally-saturated high school curriculum, which they find unenjoyable. Both young men and young women tend to label male withdrawal from school as “male laziness,” an essentialist interpretation rather than an interpretation based on the school environment and changing gender roles.

Gender and self-employment: the role of mini-companies

2016 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vegard Johansen
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Perceived Desirability ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate to what degree participation in mini-companies impact young women and men with regard to the perceived desirability and perceived feasibility of self-employment. The Company Programme (CP) is the largest mini-company scheme in European secondary school. Design/methodology/approach – The data derived from a survey conducted in Norway with 1,160 students in upper secondary school (17-18 years of age). The quasi-experimental research design enabled a comparison of compulsory CP-participants with non-participation and control for several competing factors. Findings – The investigation demonstrated that CP positively influenced the perceived feasibility of self-employment for both young men and young women, and CP also increased the perceived desirability of self-employment among young women. Research limitations/implications – It could be that the impact of CP varies according to time spent on the CP or position in the mini-company. The study does not measure whether CP-participants actually create a business. Practical implications – Central to explaining the stronger impact on young women is a particular concern with female entrepreneurship in CP. The majority of CEOs in mini-companies are young women, and all women that manage mini-companies can participate in the coaching programme “Girls and Leadership”. Social implications – CP-participation could boost the chance of individuals attempting to start a business at a later point in their lives. In the longer run, CP could contribute to reducing the gender gap in self-employment. Originality/value – Investigating some of the impacts of CP in a gender perspective, this paper adds a fresh viewpoint to the state of knowledge about entrepreneurship education in secondary schools.

scholarly journals Gender differences in wage expectations: the role of biased beliefs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Briel ◽  
Aderonke Osikominu ◽  
Gregor Pfeifer ◽  
Mirjam Reutter ◽  
Sascha Satlukal
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
University Students ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Quantile Regressions ◽  
Conditional Quantile ◽  
Lower Wage

AbstractWe analyze gender differences in expected starting salaries along the wage expectations distribution of prospective university students in Germany, using elicited beliefs about both own salaries and salaries for average other students in the same field. Unconditional and conditional quantile regressions show 5–15% lower wage expectations for females. At all percentiles considered, the gender gap is more pronounced in the distribution of expected own salary than in the distribution of wages expected for average other students. Decomposition results show that biased beliefs about the own earnings potential relative to others and about average salaries play a major role in explaining the gender gap in wage expectations for oneself.

scholarly journals Institutional Characteristics and Gender Choice in IT

2011 ◽  
pp. 813-819
Author(s):  
Mary Malliaris ◽  
Linda Salchenberger
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Professional Careers ◽  
Undergraduate Enrollment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Information Technology Professions

While the issue of attracting women to information technology professions has been studied extensively since the 1970s, the gender gap in IT continues to be a significant social and economic problem (Thom, 2001). Numerous research studies have been conducted to understand the reasons for the gender gap in IT (Gurer & Camp, 2002; Sheard, Lowe, Nicholson, & Ceddia, 2003; von Hellens, Nielsen, & Beekhuyzen, 2004). Universities and colleges have developed a variety of programmatic efforts to apply gender gap research results, implementing strategies that increase female undergraduate enrollment in computer science programs (Wardle & Burton, 2002). Yet, individual successes have not translated into any significant change in the overall percentages of women choosing IT. An analysis of current choices of women in their selection of four-year undergraduate institutions reveals yet another alarming trend—young women are not choosing to study IT at the traditional academic four year institutions that would best prepare them for the IT professional careers of the future. To complicate matters, the information technology job market is changing rapidly. For example, some well-documented IT trends that are causing such shifts are outsourcing, the commoditization of IT, the effect of the dot com bust on the job market, and most importantly, the integration of IT into the fundamental economic, social and cultural fabric of our society. IT now permeates every aspect of professional work, even the traditional female-oriented occupations such as nursing and teaching. This integration of IT into the professions must guide the development of a new set of strategies to insure that women have equal opportunities and access to the benefits of an education that prepares them for professional careers. It is in the best interest of the IT profession and our society in general to help young women make choices that include the pursuit of information technology.

scholarly journals Does connectivity reduce gender gaps in off-farm employment? Evidence from 12 low- and middle-income countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Egger ◽  
Aslihan Arslan ◽  
Emanuele Zucchini
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Gender gaps in labour force participation in developing countries persist despite income growth or structural change. We assess this persistence across economic geographies within countries, focusing on youth employment in off-farm wage jobs. We combine household survey data from 12 low- and middle-income countries in Asia, Latin America, and sub-Saharan Africa with geospatial data on population density, and estimate simultaneous probit models of different activity choices across the rural-urban gradient. The gender gap increases with connectivity from rural to peri-urban areas, and disappears in high-density urban areas. In non-rural areas, child dependency does not constrain young women, and secondary education improves their access to off-farm employment. The gender gap persists for married young women independent of connectivity improvements, indicating social norm constraints. Marital status and child dependency are associated positively with male participation, and negatively with female participation; other factors such as education are show a positive association for both sexes. These results indicate entry points for policy.

scholarly journals PEREMPUAN DAN MATEMATIKA

EGALITA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makkulau Makkulau
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Mathematical Ability ◽  
Teenage Girls ◽  
Equal Education ◽  
Math Test ◽  
Math Test Scores ◽  
Scientific Facts

Gender gap was influenced mathematical ability between boys and girls. Stereotypes about women’s position lower in mathematics is a contrasting landscape and different from the data and scientific facts. The result of re- search in 69 countries with gender equality shows that teenage girls tend to have a math test scores higher. In addition, young women also tend to do about the matter of better and more confident in their ability in the field of math. The results of this study also showed that young women have the same ability with young men when they are given an equal education, espe- cially in mathematics.<br /><br />Keywords: kesenjangan gender, matematika, stereotip, data dan fakta ilmiah.<br /><br />

scholarly journals Understanding Behavioral Regulation Towards Physical Activity Participation: Do We Need a Paradigm Shift to Close the Gender Gap?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1683
Author(s):  
Antonio Luque-Casado ◽  
Xian Mayo ◽  
Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez ◽  
Alfonso Jiménez ◽  
Fernando Del Villar
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Physical And Psychological Health

Despite the well-established benefits of physical activity for both physical and psychological health, current inactivity prevalence continues to be particularly alarming among adolescents and youth. Equally of great concern is the existence of striking gender differences that represent a serious threat to reverse this problem. We aimed to analyze gender-related differences in self-reported physical activity and motivational regulations in a population-based sample of Spaniard adolescents and young adults (n = 9949). To this aim, we used an explanatory mixed-methods design by integrating quantitative and qualitative data using self-determination theory (SDT) as an analytic framework. Our results reported a gender imbalance in physical activity levels and autonomous forms of motivation to the detriment of adolescent girls and young women. An earlier and steeper age-related decline both in activity and volitional types of motivation was observed in girls. Qualitative outcomes depicted a range of key cognitive and contextual mechanisms undermining the degree to which physically active behaviors are volitionally undertaken among women. These findings highlight the importance of implementing gender-sensitive policy approaches and may have a useful application in suggesting how contextual factors and exercise settings can be addressed to foster volitional types of physical activity engagement in adolescent girls and young women.

scholarly journals Knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding prevention of bacterial meningitis in Burkina Faso, 5 years after MenAfriVac mass campaigns

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0253263
Author(s):  
Judith E. Mueller ◽  
Joy Seanehia ◽  
Seydou Yaro ◽  
Caroline L. Trotter ◽  
Ray Borrow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Younger Women

Background To adapt communications concerning vaccine prevention, we studied knowledge, beliefs and practices around meningitis risk and prevention in a young adult population in Burkina Faso in 2016, 5 years after the MenAfriVac® mass campaign and one year before the vaccine’s inclusion in the infant immunization schedule. Methods In a representative sample of the population aged 15 to 33 years (N = 220) in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, study nurses administered a standardized paper questionnaire consisting of predominantly open questions, collecting information on meningitis risk factors and prevention, and on exposure to dry air and kitchen fire smoke. We identified themes and analyzed their frequency. We created a meningitis knowledge score (range 0 to 4) based on pre-defined best responses and analyzed the determinants of knowledge score levels ≥2 (basic score) and ≥3 (high score) using multivariate logistic regression. Results Biomedically supported facts and good practices were known by the majority of participants (eg vaccine prevention, 84.5%). Younger women aged 15–20 years had a higher frequency of low scores <2 (17.0%) compared to older women aged 21–33 years (6.3%) and men of both age groups (3.8%). Junior secondary School attendance explained the differences between the two groups of women, the gender gap for the older, but not the young women, and explained score differences among young women. Local understandings and practices for risk and prevention were commonly reported and used (risk from unripe mango consumption and prevention through nasal application of shea nut butter). Discussion This study shows a gender gap in knowledge of meningitis risk and prevention, largely due to education-level inequalities. Women below 21 years had particularly low levels of knowledge and may need interventions outside schools and perinatal care. Our study suggests a strong adherence to local understandings of and practices around meningitis risk and prevention, which should be taken into account by vaccination promotion.

scholarly journals Youth civic and political participation through the lens of gender: The Italian case

Human Affairs ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinzia Albanesi ◽  
Bruna Zani ◽  
Elvira Cicognani
Keyword(s):  
Political Participation ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
World Economic Forum ◽  
Italian Case ◽  
Voting Age ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

AbstractItaly is one of the European countries with the highest levels of gender inequalities (World Economic Forum 2011). The aims of this paper were to understand to what extent the well-documented gender gap in Italian adult society has an impact on both political and civic actions of younger generations, and whether the process of participation assumes specific features according to gender. 835 Italian participants (49.6% males; 50.4% female, aged from 16 to 26 years old; 20% under voting age) completed a self-administered questionnaire. Analyses confirmed general trends (voting at elections is the most frequently performed political action among Italian youth) and showed the existence of a small gender gap (a major orientation of young women toward civic action, while young men are more engaged in manifest political participation). The results confirmed that family cultural capital and normative support are significant predictors of political participation, in particular for girls and young women.

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