When the State is the Control Shareholder: Shareholder Litigation as an Ex-Post Enforcement in China

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Shareholder Litigation ◽  
Ex Post

Oxford Studies in Political Philosophy, Volume 3

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Just War Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
State Legitimacy ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Personal Morality ◽  
George Sher ◽  
Parent Child Relationships ◽  
David Enoch

This volume features ten papers in political philosophy, addressing a range of central topics and represent cutting-edge work in the field. Papers in the first part look at equality and justice: Keith Hyams examines the contribution of ex ante equality to ex post fairness; Elizabeth Anderson looks at equality from a political economy perspective; Serena Olsaretti’s paper studies liberal equality and the moral status of parent–child relationships; and George Sher investigates doing justice to desert. In the second part, papers address questions of state legitimacy: Ralf Bader explores counterfactual justifications of the state; David Enoch examines political philosophy and epistemology; and Seth Lazar and Laura Valentini look at proxy battles in just war theory. The final three papers cover social issues that are not easily understood in terms of personal morality, yet which need not centrally involve the state: the moral neglect of negligence (Seana Valentine Shiffrin), the case for collective pensions (Michael Otsuka); and authority and harm (Jonathan Parry).

scholarly journals Evaluación de dos perturbaciones simultáneas en bosques de Araucaria-Lenga, usando diferencias de índices espectrales

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Marco Antonio Peña ◽  
Patricio Calderón
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Index ◽  
The State ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Southern Andes ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Land Covers ◽  
The Impact

This study assessed the impact produced by a wildfire and an infectious outbreak led by an oomycete pseudofungi, both occurred in 2015, on the state of Araucaria-Lenga forests of the China Muerta Reserve, placed in the southern Andes of Chile. To do this, a greenness vegetation spectral index was calculated over a multitemporal set of Landsat-8 images, acquired biannually on near-anniversary dates, which was subject to subtractions between ex-ante (2013) and ex-post dates (2015, 2017, 2019). Results show the magnitude and temporal progression of both disturbances, highlighting the celerity and aggressiveness of the wildfire. Although the affected vegetation land covers currently show values close to the recovery of the primal biomass, the inclusion of field-based data to deepen the possible composition and structure variations of these forests is needed.

scholarly journals Observational learning in large anonymous games

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Monzón
Keyword(s):  
Observational Learning ◽  
The State ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Private Signals ◽  
The World ◽  
Standard Models ◽  
Anonymous Games ◽  
Informational Externalities

I present a model of observational learning with payoff interdependence. Agents, ordered in a sequence, receive private signals about an uncertain state of the world and sample previous actions. Unlike in standard models of observational learning, an agent's payoff depends both on the state and on the actions of others. Agents want both to learn the state and to anticipate others' play. As the sample of previous actions provides information on both dimensions, standard informational externalities are confounded with payoff externalities. I show that in spite of these confounding factors, when signals are of unbounded strength, there is learning in a strong sense: agents' actions are ex post optimal given both the state of the world and others' actions. With bounded signals, actions approach ex post optimality as the signal structure becomes more informative.

scholarly journals Understanding the Economics of Transportation Projects

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Grant G. Schultz ◽  
Jeremy E. Searle
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impacts ◽  
The State ◽  
Sales Tax ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Transportation Projects ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Percent Increase

Understanding the economic impacts of transportation projects is essential for decision makers, officials, and stakeholders as they determine the best course of action for their jurisdiction. Economic impacts can guide decisions of future projects and help explain past economic fluctuations. This study uses an evaluative (ex-post) analysis process to assess the generative economic impacts of transportation projects after completion that can be used to identify the economic impacts of transportation projects while quantifying their relationship. Both pre- and postconstruction data were collected and used to compare the trends of sales tax revenue and employment numbers adjacent to transportation projects in Utah over a 10-year period. Plots of the trends before, during, and after construction for each project in the analysis were generated. A formal process was created for completing the analysis for future study. Results indicate that there is a positive relationship between transportation improvement projects and sales tax revenues. This relationship amounts to approximately a 4.0 percent increase in trends compared to the state overall. Employment demonstrated a 4.5 percent increase compared to the state overall. Although the results are not considered statistically significant, they are considered practically significant and add to the literature on this topic.

scholarly journals Standard Facilities and Equipment as Determinants of High Sports Performance of Cross River State at National Sports Festival

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
P. E. Ekuri
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
The State ◽  
Weight Lifting ◽  
Table Tennis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Ex Post

This study investigates standard facilities and equipment as determinants of high sport performance of Cross River State at National sports festival. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design which includes the Causal-comparative (Ex-post-Facto) method of research. The study population consists of 344 sports personnel and athletes drawn from the sample made up of the state’s sports director and his deputy, coaches, organizers, sport commentators/writers and athletes adopting the multi-stage and stratified random sampling technique. The questionnaire was the instrument used to elicit information from 344 sports personnel and athletes, out of which 270 (78.5%) copies of the questionnaire were duly completed and returned. The data collected were analyzed using frequency count, percentage and chi-square (x2) analysis tested at 0.05 level of significance with the aid of SPSS Version 21. The findings show that sports like athletics, tennis, table tennis, marathon, squash, and swimming have adequate facilities in the state. Sports like judo, boxing, wrestling and weight lifting have adequate facilities only at state headquarters while facilities for taekwondo, volleyball, cricket, badminton, handball, cycling, hockey and basketball are inadequate at both levels. The quality of equipment in Cross River State sports as reveal by the study was very low. Inadequate facilities in the state made significant influence on the performance of Cross River State. Also, inadequate equipment in the state made significant influence on the performance of Cross River State athletes both at National Sports Festivals.

Doubling Down: The Danger of Disclosing Secret Action

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 500-511
Author(s):  
Jacob Otto ◽  
William Spaniel
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Counterintuitive Result

Abstract When an actor catches a state taking an objectionable secret action, it faces a dilemma. Exposing the action could force unresolved states to terminate the behavior to save face. However, it could also provoke resolved states to double down on the activity now that others are aware of the infraction. We develop a model that captures this fundamental trade-off. Three main results emerge. First, the state and its opponent may engage in a form of collusion—opponents do not expose resolved states despite their distaste for the behavior. Second, when faced with uncertainty, the opponent may mistakenly expose a resolved type and induce escalation, leading the opponent to have ex post regret. Finally, as the strength of secret action increases, states may engage in it less often. This counterintuitive result is a consequence of the opponent's greater willingness to expose, which deters less resolved types.

scholarly journals Common learning and cooperation in repeated games

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1175-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takuo Sugaya ◽  
Yuichi Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Games ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
The State ◽  
Folk Theorem ◽  
Unknown State ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The World ◽  
Common Learning

We study repeated games in which players learn the unknown state of the world by observing a sequence of noisy private signals. We find that for generic signal distributions, the folk theorem obtains using ex post equilibria. In our equilibria, players commonly learn the state, that is, the state becomes asymptotic common knowledge.

scholarly journals Partial ex-post verifiability and unique implementation of social choice functions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Matsushima
Keyword(s):  
Social Choice ◽  
Choice Function ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
Social Choice Function ◽  
The State ◽  
Equilibrium Path ◽  
Choice Functions ◽  
Central Planner ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Social Choice Functions

Abstract This study investigates the unique implementation of a social choice function in iterative dominance in the ex-post term. We assume partial ex-post verifiability; that is, after determining an allocation, the central planner can observe partial information about the state as verifiable. We demonstrate a condition of the state space, termed “full detection,” and show that with full detection, any social choice function is uniquely implementable even if the information that can be verified ex-post is very limited. To prove this, we construct a dynamic mechanism according to which each player announces his (or her) private signal, before the other players observe this signal, at an earlier stage, and each player also announces the state at a later stage. In this construction, we can impose several severe restrictions such as boundedness, permission of only tiny transfers off the equilibrium path, and no permission of transfers on the equilibrium path. This study does not assume either expected utility or quasi-linearity.

Hurting Pockets: A Case Study of Peru’s Legal Obligations in Transparency and Justification of Public Expenditure in State Advertising

ICL Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-354
Author(s):  
Andres Calderon ◽  
Adriana Ascue ◽  
Eduardo Dibos
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Public Expenditure ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
The State ◽  
South American ◽  
South American Country ◽  
Legal Obligations ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The World

AbstractPublic procurement of advertising is a matter of constant debate in many countries around the world. At one point in Peru, during 2018, hiring private media outlets to broadcast or publish state advertising was prohibited by law. Taking into account the ensuing controversy in Peru, this study assesses state advertising investment in the South American country, and examines whether certain public entities (government ministries) have complied with the obligations of justification, transparency and prohibitions provided for by the law that regulates state advertising. The findings of this study point to a worrying level of noncompliance. We display these results in a systematized manner and complement them with a qualitative analysis of the justification given by public entities for spending on advertising, as well as the accountability they provide (or should provide) ex-post. This baseline study is essential to identify possible failings in the regulation of public procurement of advertising, as well as the bad practices of the state when budgeting for public expenditure on advertising campaigns. While the case study is based on the Peruvian experience, the findings can be used in many other jurisdictions as a roadmap for avoiding certain shortcomings in the regulation of state advertising.

Collective Ownership or Cadres' Ownership? The Non-agricultural Use of Farmland in China

2003 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 662-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongshun Cai
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Collective Ownership ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Fundamental Reason ◽  
Agricultural Use

In China during the reform period, the multitude of conflicts between the state or its agents and peasants has become a serious concern for the Chinese government. A fundamental reason for these conflicts is the fact that peasants' basic economic or political interests have been threatened or ignored. Using the case of non-agricultural use of farmland, this study seeks to explain why the peasants' lack of resistive power appears institutionalized in China. The use of rural land often gives rise to conflicts because peasants are usually under-compensated for their land. Facing the encroachment of their interests, peasants may take ex ante preventive action and ex post measures. While ex ante action is more effective, it is not always feasible because it needs the organizing of village cadres. Hence, peasants are weak because usually action can only be taken ex post, which, more often than not, is ineffective because of the political arrangements through which the state, peasants and cadres interact.

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