Divergent Connectivity of Homologous Command Neurons Mediates Segment-Specific Touch Responses in Drosophila

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suguru Takagi ◽  
Benjamin Thomas Cocanougher ◽  
Sawako Niki ◽  
Dohjin Miyamoto ◽  
Hiroshi Kohsaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Command Neurons

Segmental differences in pathways between crayfish giant axons and fast flexor motoneurons

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 252-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Miller ◽  
G. Hagiwara ◽  
J. J. Wine
Keyword(s):  
High Probability ◽  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Additional Input ◽  
Premotor Neurons ◽  
Escape Trajectories ◽  
Escape Responses

We have used electrophysiological techniques to document segmental differences in the pathways between the giant, escape command axons, lateral giants (LG) and medial giants (MG), and the nongiant, fast flexor (FF) motoneurons. We found no difference in the input from LG and MG axons to FF motoneurons in the posterior (4th and 5th) ganglia. Since flexor motor output in these segments would be inconsistent with the LG-evoked behavior pattern, this finding was puzzling. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings during escape responses by intact unrestrained animals confirm that the FF muscles innervated by the posterior ganglia are not excited during LG-mediated tailflips, but are excited during MG-mediated tailflips. In the 2nd and 3rd ganglia, the command axons fire the FF motoneurons with high probability, in part via electrical excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) from premotor neurons, the segmental giants (SG). In the 4th and 5th ganglia, the equivalent pathway is much less effective. Single, directly elicited impulses in SGs in ganglia 2 and 3 fire their respective FF motoneurons with high probability, while those in ganglia 4 and 5 rarely fire FF motoneurons. The command axons fire the SGs reliably in all segments. The amplitude of the SG-evoked EPSP in FF motoneurons is significantly smaller in posterior vs. anterior ganglia. For technical reasons, we are unable to present conclusive evidence on ganglionic variations in FF-motoneuron thresholds. The FF motoneurons receive additional excitatory input from intersegmental interneurons recruited by the command neurons. Motoneurons in ganglia 4 and 5 are excited by large interneurons that do not synapse on motoneurons in ganglia 2 and 3, but this additional input is not sufficient to compensate for the weaker effect of SG input. Unlike the all-or-none segmental differences demonstrated previously for the LG-to-motor giant pathway (24), the SG-to-FF pathway changes gradually, retains significant though subthreshold strength in posterior ganglia, and is common to both LGs and MGs. These features provide opportunities for variation in the spatial patterning of flexion and in the resulting escape trajectories.

scholarly journals Sensory-Motor Transformation by Individual Command Neurons

2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1024-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. V. Zelenin ◽  
G. N. Orlovsky ◽  
T. G. Deliagina
Keyword(s):  
Command Neurons ◽  
Sensory Motor

Escape Swim Network Interneurons Have Diverse Roles in Behavioral Switching and Putative Arousal in Pleurobranchaea

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1346-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Jing ◽  
Rhanor Gillette
Keyword(s):  
Escape Response ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Pedal Ganglion ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Food Avoidance ◽  
Sea Slug ◽  
Behavioral Switching ◽  
Arousal System ◽  
Direct Suppression ◽  
Stimulation Of

Escape swimming in the predatory sea slug Pleurobranchaea is a dominant behavior that overrides feeding, a behavioral switch caused by swim-induced inhibition of feeding command neurons. We have now found distinct roles for the different swim interneurons in acute suppression of feeding during the swim and in a longer-term stimulation of excitability in the feeding network. The identified pattern-generating swim neurons A1, A3, A10, and their follower interneuron A-ci1, suppress feeding motor output partly by excitation of the I1 feeding interneurons, which monosynaptically inhibit both the feeding command neurons, PCP, PSE, and other major interneurons, the I2s. This mechanism exerts broad inhibition of the feeding network suitable to an escape response; broader than feeding suppression in learned and satiation-induced food avoidance and acting through a different presynaptic pathway. Four intrinsic neuromodulatory neurons of the swim network, the serotonergic As1–4, add little to direct suppression of feeding. Rather, they monosynaptically excite the serotonergic metacerebral giant (MCG) neurons of the feeding network, themselves intrinsic neuromodulators of feeding, as well as a cluster of adjacent serotonergic feeding neurons, with both fast and slow EPSPs. They also provide mild neuromodulatory excitation of the PCP/PSE feeding command neurons, and I1 and I2 feeding interneurons, which is masked by inhibition during the swim. As1–4 also excite the serotonergic pedal ganglion G neurons for creeping locomotion. These observations further delineate the nature of the putative serotonergic arousal system of gastropods and suggest a central coordinating role to As1–4.

Higher order neurons in buccal ganglia of Pleurobranchaea elicit vomiting motor activity

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 658-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. McClellan
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Root Activity ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Buccal Ganglia ◽  
Output Pattern ◽  
Stimulation Of

The buccal mass of the gastropod Pleurobranchaea is used during a regurgitation response that consists of a writhing phase interrupted by brief periodic bouts of a vomiting phase (17, 20). During transitions from writhing to vomiting, specific changes occur in the motor pattern (19, 20). Evidence is presented suggesting that at least some of the initiation or "command" neurons for vomiting reside in the buccal ganglia. The present paper examines the role of two candidate vomiting-initiation cells, the ventral white cells (VWC) and midganglionic cells (MC), in the buccal ganglia of isolated nervous systems. Stimulation of single VWCs activates a vomiting motor pattern, consisting in part of alternating buccal root activity. Furthermore, the VWCs fire in high-frequency bursts during episodes (i.e., bouts) of this same vomiting pattern. Mutual reexcitation between the VWCs and motor pattern generator (MPG) appears to produce the accelerated buildup and maintenance of vomiting rhythms. Brief stimulation of single MCs "triggers" bouts of a vomiting motor pattern, but the membrane potential of this cell is only modulated during this same pattern, at least in the isolated nervous system. It is proposed that in intact animals the MCs are activated by sensory inputs and briefly excite the VWC-MPG network, thereby turning on the mutual reexcitatory mechanism mentioned above and switching the output pattern. A general implication for gastropod research is that higher order neurons that activate buccal root activity cannot automatically be given the function of "feeding command neuron," as some cells clearly control other responses, such as vomiting.

Organization of sensory input of command neurons

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. I. Bravarenko ◽  
P. M. Balaban ◽  
E. N. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Input ◽  
Command Neurons

Central Command Neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System: Basis of the Fight-or-Flight Response

Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 270 (5236) ◽  
pp. 644-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. P. Jansen ◽  
X. V. Nguyen ◽  
V. Karpitskiy ◽  
T. C. Mettenleiter ◽  
A. D. Loewy
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Central Command ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Flight Response ◽  
Sympathetic Nervous ◽  
Fight Or Flight Response ◽  
Fight Or Flight

Coordination of Homeostatic Functions by Intrascapular Brown Adipose Tissue‐ and Pancreas‐related Command Neurons

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sierra Morgan Butcher ◽  
Brooke Victoria Hamling ◽  
Lucie Delphine Desmoulins ◽  
Andrea Zsombok
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Brown Adipose

Command neurons: know and say what you mean

1978 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. L. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Command Neurons

Immunocytochemical Study of the Distribution of hcs2 Gene Products in Command Neurons of the Helix lucorum Snail

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 875-883 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Ivanova ◽  
O. G. Leonova ◽  
V. I. Popenko ◽  
V. N. Ierusalimsky ◽  
D. V. Boguslavsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Products ◽  
Immunocytochemical Study ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Helix Lucorum
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