Germ Layer Specific Regulation of Cell Polarity and Adhesion: Insight into the Evolution of Mesoderm

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Salinas-Saavedra ◽  
Amber Q. Rock ◽  
Mark Q Martindale
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Germ Layer ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals Germ layer specific regulation of cell polarity and adhesion gives insight into the evolution of mesoderm

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Salinas-Saavedra ◽  
Amber Q. Rock ◽  
Mark Q Martindale
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Par Proteins ◽  
Adhesion System ◽  
Transcription Factor Genes ◽  
Epithelial Structure ◽  
Specific Mrnas ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractIn triploblastic animals, Par-proteins regulate cell-polarity and adherens junctions of both ectodermal and endodermal epithelia. But, in embryos of the diploblastic cnidarian Nematostella vectensis, Par-proteins are degraded in all cells in the bifunctional gastrodermal epithelium. Using immunohistochemistry, CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, and overexpression of specific mRNAs, we describe the functional association between Par-proteins, ß-catenin, and snail transcription factor genes in N. vectensis embryos. We demonstrate that the aPKC/Par complex regulates the localization of ß-catenin in the ectoderm by stabilizing its role in cell-adhesion, and that endomesodermal epithelial cells are organized by a different cell-adhesion system than that of overlying ectoderm. We also show that ectopic expression of snail genes, which are expressed in mesodermal derivatives in bilaterians, are sufficient to downregulate Par-proteins and translocate ß-catenin from the junctions to the cytoplasm in ectodermal cells. These data provide molecular insight into the evolution of epithelial structure and distinct mesodermal tissue in metazoan embryos.

scholarly journals Germ layer-specific regulation of cell polarity and adhesion gives insight into the evolution of mesoderm

eLife ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Salinas-Saavedra ◽  
Amber Q Rock ◽  
Mark Q Martindale
Keyword(s):  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Par Proteins ◽  
Cell Behaviors ◽  
Cnidarian Nematostella Vectensis ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Transcription Factor Genes ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Insight Into

In triploblastic animals, Par-proteins regulate cell-polarity and adherens junctions of both ectodermal and endodermal epithelia. But, in embryos of the diploblastic cnidarian Nematostella vectensis, Par-proteins are degraded in all cells in the bifunctional gastrodermal epithelium. Using immunohistochemistry, CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, and mRNA overexpression, we describe the functional association between Par-proteins, ß-catenin, and snail transcription factor genes in N. vectensis embryos. We demonstrate that the aPKC/Par complex regulates the localization of ß-catenin in the ectoderm by stabilizing its role in cell-adhesion, and that endomesodermal epithelial cells are organized by a different cell-adhesion system than overlying ectoderm. We also show that ectopic expression of snail genes, which are expressed in mesodermal derivatives in bilaterians, is sufficient to downregulate Par-proteins and translocate ß-catenin from the junctions to the cytoplasm in ectodermal cells. These data provide molecular insight into the evolution of epithelial structure and distinct cell behaviors in metazoan embryos.

Insight into planar cell polarity

2014 ◽  
Vol 328 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Sebbagh ◽  
Jean-Paul Borg
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals Synthetic Lethal Analysis Implicates Ste20p, a p21-activated Protein Kinase, in Polarisome Activation

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1501-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
April S. Goehring ◽  
David A. Mitchell ◽  
Amy Hin Yan Tong ◽  
Megan E. Keniry ◽  
Charles Boone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Interacting Proteins ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Lethal Mutant ◽  
Synthetic Lethal ◽  
Mutant Screen ◽  
Insight Into

The p21-activated kinases Ste20p and Cla4p carry out undefined functions that are essential for viability during budding inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. To gain insight into the roles of Ste20p, we have used a synthetic lethal mutant screen to identify additional genes that are required in the absence of Cla4p. Altogether, we identified 65 genes, including genes with roles in cell polarity, mitosis, and cell wall maintenance. Herein, we focus on a set that defines a function carried out by Bni1p and several of its interacting proteins. We found that Bni1p and a group of proteins that complex with Bni1p (Bud6p, Spa2p, and Pea2p) are essential in acla4Δ mutant background. Bni1p, Bud6p, Spa2, and Pea2p are members of a group of polarity determining proteins referred to as the polarisome. Loss of polarisome proteins from acla4Δ strain causes cells to form elongated buds that have mislocalized septin rings. In contrast, other proteins that interact with or functionally associate with Bni1p and have roles in nuclear migration and cytokinesis, including Num1p and Hof1p, are not essential in the absence of Cla4p. Finally, we have found that Bni1p is phosphorylated in vivo, and a substantial portion of this phosphorylation is dependent on STE20. Together, these results suggest that one function of Ste20p may be to activate the polarisome complex by phosphorylation of Bni1p.

scholarly journals Cell Polarity Protein Spa2P Associates With Proteins Involved In Actin Function InSaccharomyces Cerevisiae

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 4595-4608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy L. Shih ◽  
Samara L. Reck-Peterson ◽  
Rick Newitt ◽  
Mark S. Mooseker ◽  
Ruedi Aebersold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Cell Separation ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Molecular Function ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Cell Wall Morphogenesis ◽  
Bud Site ◽  
Insight Into

Spa2p is a nonessential protein that regulates yeast cell polarity. It localizes early to the presumptive bud site and remains at sites of growth throughout the cell cycle. To understand how Spa2p localization is regulated and to gain insight into its molecular function in cell polarity, we used a coimmunoprecipitation strategy followed by tandem mass spectrometry analysis to identify proteins that associate with Spa2p in vivo. We identified Myo1p, Myo2p, Pan1p, and the protein encoded by YFR016c as proteins that interact with Spa2p. Strikingly, all of these proteins are involved in cell polarity and/or actin function. Here we focus on the functional significance of the interactions of Spa2p with Myo2p and Myo1p. We find that localization of Spa2GFP to sites of polarized growth depends on functional Myo2p but not on Myo1p. We also find that Spa2p, like Myo2p, cosediments with F-actin in an ATP-sensitive manner. We hypothesize that Spa2p associates with actin via a direct or indirect interaction with Myo2p and that Spa2p may be involved in mediating polarized localization of polarity proteins via Myo2p. In addition, we observe an enhanced cell-separation defect in a myo1spa2 strain at 37°C. This provides further evidence that Spa2p is involved in cytokinesis and cell wall morphogenesis.

scholarly journals 15-P028 Germ layer patterning in bichir and lamprey: An insight into its evolution in vertebrates

2009 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. S256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Takeuchi ◽  
Maiko Takahashi ◽  
Shinichi Aizawa
Keyword(s):  
Germ Layer ◽  
Germ Layer Patterning ◽  
Insight Into

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Defense-Related Genes Against Ralstonia solanacearum Infection in Tobacco

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoying Pan ◽  
Junbiao Chen ◽  
Aiguo Yang ◽  
Qinghua Yuan ◽  
Weicai Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Insight Into

Bacterial wilt (BW) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum), is a vascular disease affecting diverse solanaceous crops and causing tremendous damage to crop production. However, our knowledge of the mechanism underlying its resistance or susceptibility is very limited. In this study, we characterized the physiological differences and compared the defense-related transcriptomes of two tobacco varieties, 4411-3 (highly resistant, HR) and K326 (moderately resistant, MR), after R. solanacearum infection at 0, 10, and 17 days after inoculation (dpi). A total of 3967 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the HR and MR genotypes under mock condition at three time points, including1395 up-regulated genes in the HR genotype and 2640 up-regulated genes in the MR genotype. Also, 6,233 and 21,541 DEGs were induced in the HR and MR genotypes after R. solanacearum infection, respectively. Furthermore, GO and KEGG analyses revealed that DEGs in the HR genotype were related to the cell wall, starch and sucrose metabolism, glutathione metabolism, ABC transporters, endocytosis, glycerolipid metabolism, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. The defense-related genes generally showed genotype-specific regulation and expression differences after R. solanacearum infection. In addition, genes related to auxin and ABA were dramatically up-regulated in the HR genotype. The contents of auxin and ABA in the MR genotype were significantly higher than those in the HR genotype after R. solanacearum infection, providing insight into the defense mechanisms of tobacco. Altogether, these results clarify the physiological and transcriptional regulation of R. solanacearum resistance infection in tobacco, and improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying the plant-pathogen interaction.

scholarly journals Germ layer patterning in bichir and lamprey; an insight into its evolution in vertebrates

2009 ◽  
Vol 332 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Takeuchi ◽  
Maiko Takahashi ◽  
Masataka Okabe ◽  
Shinichi Aizawa
Keyword(s):  
Germ Layer ◽  
Germ Layer Patterning ◽  
Insight Into
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