Genetically Modified Organisms and Human Genetic Engineering: How Should National Policy-Makers Respond to Perceived Risks Beyond National Borders?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sneha Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Perceived Risks ◽  
Human Genetic Engineering ◽  
National Borders

scholarly journals UNDERSTANDING OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
Željko Kaluđerović ◽  
◽  
Jovana Potpara ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
New Technology ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Transgenic Organisms ◽  
Ethical Point ◽  
Special Challenge

During the last sixteen years biotechnology, genetic engineering, transgenic organisms or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been raising numerous controversies. In the scientific sphere, genetic engineering and GMOs represent a special challenge for geneticists, breeders and physicians, in philosophy it is a topic of interest for bioethicists and agricultural ethicists, environmentalists are interested in the interconnectictions between new technology and environment protection, for multinational companies this is a potential source of huge profits, and for certain governments they represent an instrument for strategic control of food production within their countries as well as internationally. By taking into account the views of both advocates and opponents of this "revolutionary" method, authors believe that we should not a priori reject new and insufficiently studied technologies, but that in this particular it is necessary to be extremely cautious, in other words that from (bio)ethical point of view only those GMO investigations limited to scientific purposes are justified, provided that all required precautions have been taken. Also, authors are of the opinion that in this region as well as in Europe as a whole, at this moment, transgenic organisms are not necessery, neither in agricultural production nor in the food chain. Arguments for such a statement are found primarily in the potential issues that intentional breeding of GMOs might inflict upon the human health and environment. Namely, if borders of individual species are not overstepped and if their endogenous traits are made stronger, the potential risk of causing irreparable damage for both present and future generations which may be brought by changed biological succession will be reduced, i.e. one of the four fundamental bioethical principles will be applied and that is the nonmaleficence. Further intentional decreasing of biodiversity should not be allowed, which means that it is necessary to respect as much as it is possible the complexity of the very nature, its autonomy and "otherness".

scholarly journals Engineered fluoride sensitivity enables biocontainment and selection of genetically-modified yeasts

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin I. Yoo ◽  
Susanna Seppälä ◽  
Michelle A. OʼMalley
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Wildtype Strain ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Reduced Costs ◽  
Dna Vectors ◽  
Selection Agent ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Biocontainment systems are needed to neutralize genetically modified organisms (GMOs) that pose ecological threats outside of controlled environments. In contrast, benign selection markers complement GMOs with reduced fitness. Benign selection agents serve as alternatives to antibiotics, which are costly and risk spread of antibiotic resistance. Here, we present a yeast biocontainment strategy leveraging engineered fluoride sensitivity and DNA vectors enabling use of fluoride as a selection agent. The biocontainment system addresses the scarcity of platforms available for yeast despite their prevalent use in industry and academia. In the absence of fluoride, the biocontainment strain exhibits phenotypes nearly identical to those of the wildtype strain. Low fluoride concentrations severely inhibit biocontainment strain growth, which is restored upon introduction of fluoride-based vectors. The biocontainment strategy is stringent, easily implemented, and applicable to several eukaryotes. Further, the DNA vectors enable genetic engineering at reduced costs and eliminate risks of propagating antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals Kontroversi Produk Rekayasa Genetika Yang Dikonsumsi Masyarakat

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahrus Bio
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Basic Principle ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Population ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Composition Changes

ABSTRAKRekayasa genetika adalah transplantasi satu gen ke gen lainnya baik antara gen danlintas gen untuk menghasilkan produk yang berguna bagi mahluk hidup hidup. Padaawalnya, rekayasa genetika hanya dilakukan pada tanaman untuk memecahkankekurangan pangan penduduk dunia, dan dalam pengembangannya rekayasa genetikatidak hanya berlaku untuk tanaman dan hewan yang serupa, tetapi telah berevolusi padamanusia dan lintas jenis. Prinsip dasar teknologi rekayasa genetika adalah memanipulasiperubahan komposisi asam nukleat DNA atau menyelipkan gen baru ke dalam strukturDNA mahluk hidup penerima, hal ini berarti bahwa gen yang disisipkan pada mahlukhidup penerima dapat berasal dari mahluk hidup lain. Saat ini, penyebaran danpenggunaan produk rekayasa genetika telah mengundang kontroversi masyarakat, olehkarena itu tulisan ini bertujuan untuk meninjau kontroversi rekayasa genetika mahlukhidup pada beberapa aspek kehidupan masyarakat.Kata Kunci: gekayasa genetika, gen, DNA, GMO, kontroversi.CONTROVERSY OF GENETIC ENGINEERINGPRODUCT CONSUMED SOCIETYABSTRACTGenetic engineering is a transplant of one gene to an other gene both between genesand gene cross to produce a useful product for living organisms. At first, geneticengineering was only conducted on plant to solve the food’s lack for world population,and it does not only apply to the plants and animals are similar in its development, but ithas evolved in humans and cross types. The basic principle of genetic engineeringtechnology is manipulating the composition changes of the nucleic acid of DNA ortucking new genes into the DNA structure of the recipient organisms, this means thatinserted genes on a recipient organism can be derived from the other organisms. Today,the deployment and use of genetically modified organisms have been inviting society'scontroversy, therefore this paper aims to review the controversy for genetically modifiedorganism (GMO) on several aspects of community life.Keywords: genetic engineering, gene, DNA, GMO, controversy.

The Adequacy of the Mauritian Biosafety Framework

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-128
Author(s):  
Odile Juliette Lim Tung
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Market Monitoring ◽  
Post Market ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Assessment Requirements ◽  
Requirements Identification ◽  
Liability And Redress

AbstractThis article analyses the Mauritian regulatory framework on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and highlights its shortcomings, with the aim of improving the regulation of the approval and monitoring of the use of GMOs in Mauritius. It examines key issues regarding the application for a GMO permit, risk assessment requirements, identification and labelling obligations, post-market monitoring, and liability and redress in the case of damages. There is a need for greater public participation in decision-making on the approval of GMO permits and the monitoring stage procedure, specific civil liability provisions for damage as well as regulation of the coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM crops in the Mauritian biosafety framework. Pending the proclamation of the entire Mauritian GMO Act 2004, relevant transitional provisions should also be provided. Beyond legal provisions on biosafety, a national policy on GM products and GMO-related activities should be elaborated.

scholarly journals Genetic Engineering in the Twenty-First Century: Genetically modified organisms

2021 ◽  
pp. 073-075
Author(s):  
Quintyn Conrad B
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
First Century ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Clear Idea

In agriculture, animals and plants are engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, and crops are modified to be nutritious, tolerant of herbicides and the natural environment, and resistant to disease. While these goals may seem practical, is it wise to modify plant systems without a clear idea of the long-term effects of genetic engineering in animals and humans? [1].

scholarly journals Genetically modified organisms authorized for cultivation and breeding in Russia

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana V Matveeva ◽  
Mahboobe Azarakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
The Russian Federation

Summary: In July 2016 the State Duma adopted the Federal Law “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in terms of improving the state regulation in the field of genetic engineering” (03.07.2016 N 358-FL). This review is devoted to the analysis of Article 4 of the Act, namely the discussion of what GMOs may be authorized for cultivation and breeding in Russia.

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