Some Economic and Ethical Problems with Trade Sanctions

Objectives. The purpose of this study is to study the essence of ethical problems that arise in the field of genetic screening for prenatal diagnosis (PND) and determine possible ways to overcome them by legal means, taking into account the existing foreign experience. Materials and methods. Normative legal acts and doctrinal sources of Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, France and Switzerland are studied. Methods used: General philosophical, General scientific, private scientific, special (structural-legal, comparative-legal, formal-legal). Results. Ways to resolve ethical problems that arise or may arise in the future as a result of genetic screening for PND, which can be applied within the Russian legal system, are proposed. Conclusions. It is stated that most of the identified ethical problems are related to the lack of normative consolidation of the legal status of the fetus. It is presumed that the beginning of ethics should serve as the guide for legislation in this area. At the same time, it is emphasized that the legal regulation of genetic screening in PND should be flexible enough to optimally ensure the interests of all participants in these relationships. In addition, in this direction, it seems appropriate to refer to the experience of a number of foreign countries, whose legislation provides for fairly strict requirements in the field of PND.

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Creation of Cultures Containing Mutations Linked with Cardiovascular Diseases using Transfection and Genome Editing

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612825666190329121532 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (6) ◽

pp. 693-699 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Margarita A. Sazonova ◽

Anastasia I. Ryzhkova ◽

Vasily V. Sinyov ◽

Marina D. Sazonova ◽

Zukhra B. Khasanova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Human Genome ◽

Genetically Engineered ◽

Metal Particles ◽

Gene Gun ◽

Ethical Problems ◽

Dna Mutations ◽

Human Dna ◽

Transfection Method ◽

The Creation

Objective: In this review article, we analyzed the literature on the creation of cultures containing mutations associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) using transfection, transduction and editing of the human genome. Methods: We described different methods of transfection, transduction and editing of the human genome, used in the literature. Results: We reviewed the researches in which the creation of сell cultures containing mutations was described. According to the literature, system CRISPR/Cas9 proved to be the most preferred method for editing the genome. We found rather promising and interesting a practically undeveloped direction of mitochondria transfection using a gene gun. Such a gun can direct a genetically-engineered construct containing human DNA mutations to the mitochondria using heavy metal particles. However, in human molecular genetics, the transfection method using a gene gun is unfairly forgotten and is almost never used. : Ethical problems arising from editing the human genome were also discussed in our review. We came to a conclusion that it is impossible to stop scientific and technical progress. It is important that the editing of the genome takes place under the strict control of society and does not bear dangerous consequences for humanity. To achieve this, the constant interaction of science with society, culture and business is necessary. Conclusion: he most promising methods for the creation of cell cultures containing mutations linked with cardiovascular diseases, were system CRISPR/Cas9 and the gene gun.

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Ethical Issues in Clinical Psychology

The Oxford Handbook of Clinical Psychology ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195366884.013.0010 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 183-210

Author(s):

Kenneth S. Pope

Keyword(s):

Clinical Psychology ◽

Ethical Decision ◽

Ethical Decision Making ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

American Psychological Association ◽

Future Research ◽

Ethical Problems ◽

Basic Assumptions ◽

Ethics Code ◽

Canadian Psychological Association

This chapter examines how ethical issues are approached differently by two prominent psychological associations, how they are encountered by psychologists, the formal complaints they give rise to, and how they can be approached systematically to avoid missteps. Included are basic assumptions about ethics; the unique approaches to developing a ethics code taken by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA), and what each of these two codes provides; empirical data about what ethical problems psychologists encounter and what formal complaints they face; four major sets of ethical issues that are particularly complex and challenging (confidentiality, informed consent, competence, and boundaries); an area of major controversy (clinical psychology and national security); steps in ethical decision-making; and four possible lines of future research.

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