The Proposed Tiebreaker Rule in OECD/G20 BEPS Action 6: A Critical Examination of the Possible Motives and Means, and a Potential Alternative

SummaryStreptokinase (SK) is a routinely used thrombolytic agent but it is immunogenic and allergenic; staphylokinase (STA) is a potential alternative agent which is under early clinical evaluation. The comparative prevalence of antibodies against recombinant STA (STAR) and against SK was studied in healthy subjects and their induction with intravenous administration in small groups of patients.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, using microtiter plates coated with STAR or SK and calibration with affinospecific human antibodies, revealed 2.1 to 65 μg/ml (median 11 μg/ml) anti-STAR antibodies and 0.9 to 370 μg/ml (median 18 μg/ml) anti-SK antibodies (p <0.001 vs anti-STAR antibodies) in plasma from 100 blood donors, with corresponding values of 0.6 to 100 μg/ml (median 7.1 μg/ml) and 0.4 to 120 μg/ml (median 7.3 μg/ml), respectively, in 104 patients with angina pectoris. Three out of 17 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia had significantly increased anti-STAR antibody levels (150, 75 and 75 μg/ml), and STAR neutralizing activities (2.2, 3.6 and 4.1 μg STAR neutralized per ml plasma, respectively). In 6 patients with acute myocardial infarction, given 10 mg STAR intravenously over 30 min, median anti-STAR antibody levels were 3.5 μg/ml at baseline, 2.9 μg/ml at 6 to 8 days and 1.2 μg/ml at 2 to 9 weeks, with median corresponding titers of STAR neutralizing activity at 2 to 9 weeks of 42 μg/ml plasma. Conversely, in 5 patients treated with 1,500,000 units SK over 60 min, median anti-SK antibodies increased from 2.9 μg/ml at baseline to 360 μg/ml at 5 to 10 days, with corresponding median SK neutralizing activities of 13 μg/ml. Antibodies against STAR did not cross-react with SK and vice versa.Plasma from human subjects contains low levels of circulating antibodies against recombinant staphylokinase, and intravenous administration of this compound boosts antibody titers. These antibodies do however not cross-react with streptokinase, whereby the use of these two immunogenic thrombolytic agents would not be mutually exclusive.

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A Critical Examination of BIM Policy Mandates: Implications and Responses

Construction Research Congress 2020 ◽

10.1061/9780784482865.081 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Kwadwo Oti-Sarpong ◽

Roine Leiringer ◽

Sujuan Zhang

Keyword(s):

Critical Examination ◽

Policy Mandates

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IPOMOEA LITTORALIS AND IPOMOEA CAPITELLATA VAR. MULTILOBATA : NEW RECORDS FOR UPPER GANGETIC PLAINS OF INDIA

FLORA AND FAUNA ◽

10.33451/florafauna.v24i1pp03-08 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Author(s):

JASWINDER KAUR ◽

SATYA NARAIN

Keyword(s):

New Records ◽

Critical Examination ◽

Type Specimens ◽

Gangetic Plains

The floristic exploration and critical examination of specimens collected of family Convolvulaceae from Upper Gangetic Plains of India, resulted in addition of 2 new records for the flora viz. Ipomoea littoralis and Ipomoea capitellata var. multilobata. Detailed description, phenology, ecology, distribution, locality, field number, type specimens examined, illustrations and other relevant notes are provided.

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Global Justice in Lutheran Political Theology

De Ethica A Journal of Philosophical Theological and Applied Ethics ◽

10.3384/de-ethica.2001-8819.163145 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 45-58

Author(s):

Carl-Henric Grenholm

Keyword(s):

Political Philosophy ◽

Global Justice ◽

Political Theology ◽

Critical Examination ◽

Equal Distribution ◽

Theory Of Justice ◽

Sharp Distinction ◽

Main Thesis ◽

Theories Of Justice ◽

Influential Theory

The purpose of this article is to examine the contributions that might be given by Lutheran political theology to the discourse on global justice. The article offers a critical examination of three different theories of global justice within political philosophy. Contractarian theories are criticized, and a thesis is that it is plausible to argue that justice can be understood as liberation from oppression. From this perspective the article gives an analysis of an influential theory of justice within Lutheran ethics. According to this theory justice is not an equal distribution but an arrangement where the subordinate respect the authority of those in power. This theory is related to a sharp distinction between law and gospel. The main thesis of the article is that Lutheran political theology should take a different approach if it aims to give a constructive contribution to theories of justice. This means that Lutheran ethics should not be based on Creation and reason alone – it should also be based on Christology and Eschatology.

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