Cognitive Dissonance, Motivated Reasoning, and Confirmation Bias: Applications in Industrial Organization

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Stone ◽  
Daniel H. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Organization ◽  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
Motivated Reasoning

Bias and Belief

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-66
Author(s):  
Adrian Bardon
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Interest Group ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Political Sophistication ◽  
Psychological Condition ◽  
Group Interest ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Subject

This chapter introduces key psychological concepts pertinent to denial, such as cognitive dissonance, motivated reasoning, and confirmation bias. It also addresses the relation between denial and ideology. It explains different social psychology approaches to understanding the phenomena of denial and ideological denialism. Ideological denialism is a unique psychological condition wherein the subject is motivated to embrace a certain conclusion about issues of public relevance for reasons relating to self-interest, group-interest, culture, personality, and/or identity. A discovery of great importance is that the tendency to ideological denial is neither a consequence of being uninformed nor a consequence of one’s lacking political sophistication.

scholarly journals COVID-19 & Anti-Mask Movement: How Jingoism is Bringing the United States Down

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Kim ◽  
Brian Oh
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Personal Rights ◽  
The Government ◽  
Insight Into

The objective of this study was to provide insight into the anti-mask phenomenon that has been occurring throughout the world. Widely broadcasted through different forms of media, these anti-mask movements are a growing concern to the scientific community, as such exposure will only deter the progress towards ending the pandemic. In order to understand the psychological motivations behind the anti-mask sentiment, the present studies 29 videos, over 120 minutes of content covering anti-mask protests in Canada, Europe, and the United States. I also used East Asia as a control variable, as I reviewed 5 videos, around 35 minutes of footage to understand the psychology that makes East Asia more receptive towards mask use. By implementing a qualitative research design, I looked for key language themes (interviews, chants, signs) in order to apply thematic analysis to connect their negative sentiments that are associated with confirmation bias and motivated reasoning. Findings regarding confirmation bias and motivated reasoning have been linked to concerns regarding personal rights and distrust with the government, media, and science communities. In particular, the United States has an issue regarding national pride in connection to individuals’ personal rights. The goal is to give insight into ways the United States can improve mask adherence for future potential pandemics.

scholarly journals Going veggie: Identifying and overcoming the social and psychological barriers to veganism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher John Bryant ◽  
Annayah Miranda Beatrice Prosser ◽  
Julie Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Transtheoretical Model ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Transtheoretical Model Of Change ◽  
Animal Suffering ◽  
Psychological Barriers ◽  
Animal Farming ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status

We conceptualize the journey to ethical veganism in the stages of the transtheoretical model of change, from precontemplation through contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. At each stage, we explore the psychological barriers to progressing towards veganism, discuss how they manifest, and explore ways to overcome them. It is hoped that this paper can be used as a guide for animal advocates to identify the stage an individual is at, and understand and overcome the social and psychological barriers they may face to progressing. We argue that, while many people are ignorant of the cruel practices entailed in animal farming, many deliberately avoid thinking about the issue, are unable to appreciate the scale of the issue, and simply tend to favour the status quo. When engaging with the issue of farm animal suffering, meat-eaters are largely driven by cognitive dissonance, which manifests as motivated reasoning aimed at protecting one’s image of oneself and one’s society. This is facilitated by confirmation bias and complicit media which cater to the preferred views of their meat-eating audience. Even once convinced of veganism, habit and willpower present further barriers to acting on those beliefs. This is all in the context of a speciesist and carnistic culture where meat consumption is normal, farming is noble, and vegans are ‘others’. We locate and elucidate each of these biases within the stages of the transtheoretical model and discuss the implications of this model for animal advocates and for further research.

scholarly journals Cognitive Dissonance, Ego-Involvement, and Motivated Reasoning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Explanatory Variable ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Ego Involvement ◽  
Advance Research

One of the enduring topics for persuasion research is motivated reasoning, when people respond to persuasive messages in ways other than seeking to form an accurate attitude. This essay advances the position that the existing research can be synthesized using the self-concept approach to cognitive dissonance with ego-involvement added as the key explanatory variable to indicate when an issue is likely tied to the individual’s self-concept and thus potentially produce cognitive dissonance. The research on motivated reasoning is reviewed with this theoretical lens with recommendations on how to use this theory to advance research on understanding and reducing maladaptive motivated reasoning.

Confirmation Bias, Ingroup Bias, and Negativity Bias in Selective Exposure to Political Information

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Knobloch-Westerwick ◽  
Cornelia Mothes ◽  
Nick Polavin
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Cognitive Dissonance ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Selective Exposure ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Online Information ◽  
News Values ◽  
Cognitive Reflection

Selective reading of political online information was examined based on cognitive dissonance, social identity, and news values frameworks. Online reports were displayed to 156 Americans while selective exposure was tracked. The news articles that participants chose from were either conservative or liberal and also either positive or negative regarding American political policies. In addition, information processing styles (cognitive reflection and need-for-cognition) were measured. Results revealed confirmation and negativity biases, per cognitive dissonance and news values, but did not corroborate the hypothesis derived from social identity theory. Greater cognitive reflection, greater need-for-cognition, and worse affective state fostered the confirmation bias; stronger social comparison tendency reduced the negativity bias.

United in States of Dissatisfaction: Confirmation Bias Across the Partisan Divide

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy E. Lerman ◽  
Daniel Acland
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Confirmation Bias ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Central Feature ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Partisan Polarization ◽  
New Information ◽  
Democrats And Republicans

Partisan polarization is a central feature of American political life, and a robust literature has shown that citizens engage in partisan motivated reasoning when processing political information. At the same time, however, recent events have highlighted a rising tide of antigovernment sentiment among Democrats and Republicans alike. Using an original set of survey experiments, we find that citizens engage in confirmation bias when they encounter new information, and this is driven not only by party and ideology but also by beliefs about the quality and efficiency of government. Taken together, our findings suggest important limitations to citizens’ capacity to learn about public administration, and expand our understanding of what drives confirmation bias with respect to public and private service provision.

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