Civil Society Conflicts Environment & Social Conflicts

MULTIKULTURALISME SEBAGAI MODEL INTEGRASI ETNIS TIONGHOA Dl INDONESIA

Sabda Jurnal Kajian Kebudayaan ◽

10.14710/sabda.v8i1.13228 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Eko Putro Hendro

Keyword(s):

Civil Society ◽

Ethnic Group ◽

Social Institutions ◽

New Order ◽

Social Conflicts ◽

National Integration ◽

Old Order

The politics of ethnic assimilation and discrimination, especially one which was directed toward Tionghoa ethnic during the Old Order as well as the New Order, has resulted in social conflicts which threatens the process of national integration. Multiculturalism approach is a strategic offer to support the emergence of new social institutions to support the effort of developing civil society in Indonesia. Through the multiculturalism approach, recent stereotypical views, which have triggered conflicts, can be eliminated and the existence of Tionghoa ethnic group, including their presence as citizens, can be appreciated and respected. In that manner, the conflicts can be eliminated and altered into a mutualistic-simbiosist relation,

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Social conflict, civil society, and maternal mortality in African countries

Leadership ◽

10.1177/1742715018793742 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 543-555

Author(s):

Iyabo Obasanjo

Keyword(s):

Civil Society ◽

Maternal Mortality ◽

Social Conflict ◽

Control Variable ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Social Conflicts ◽

North African ◽

African Countries ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

North African Countries

This study looks at the association between social conflicts, civil society freedom, and democracy, and how social conflicts impact maternal mortality in African countries as a first step toward understanding how to use civil society to pressure Sub-Saharan African governments into improving maternal mortality ratios and other human development indicators. Pro-Government riots were negatively associated with civil society freedom. Organized Demonstrations and Organized Riots were positively associated with civil society freedom when North African countries were included in the data, but when they were excluded, only Organized Riots were associated with civil society freedoms. The period under study included the Arab Spring, which was characterized by high numbers of Organized Demonstrations in North African countries. I theorized that Organized Demonstrations occur less often in Sub-Saharan African countries due to lower levels of internet connectivity (used to organize) or because government forces use severe suppression, which escalates demonstrations into riots more in Sub-Saharan Africa. The fewer Pro-Government riots there are, the freer the civil society, and the more Organized Demonstrations and Organized Riots, the freer the civil society. This indicates that Pro-Government riots tend to be organized as part of the government repression of civil society. The analyses used democratization levels of countries as a control variable and found that as autocracy level increases, the level of civil society freedom decreases. Organized Demonstrations were the only form of social conflict associated with maternal mortality. It was a negative association, with rising maternal mortality associated with fewer Organized Demonstrations. The finding therefore suggests that democratic governance, with associated civil society freedom, that allows Organized Demonstrations provides the best scenario for health outcomes in African countries.

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