Indirect Detection Methods for Doping from a Legal Perspective: The Case of the Athlete Biological Passport

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Despina Mavromati
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Detection ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Biological Passport ◽  
Legal Perspective

INDIRECT DETECTION METHODS FOR CAPILLARY SEPARATIONS

1991 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 275A-282A ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward S. Yeung ◽  
Werner G. Kuhr
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Detection ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Capillary Separations

Research on the Confidence Interval of Indirect Detection

2011 ◽  
Vol 418-420 ◽  
pp. 532-535
Author(s):  
Hai Bin Chen ◽  
Nan Ge ◽  
Xiao Jun Tong
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Interval Estimation ◽  
Point Estimation ◽  
Indirect Detection ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Theoretical Formula ◽  
True Value ◽  
Practical Engineering

Abstract. Using the correlation between the measure value and measured value in the indirect detection, the whole presumption method and theoretical formula of the confidence intervals for measured value are put forward. Based on the different detection methods, the confidence interval of high confidence and high accuracy can be given by the proposed method according to random measurement results. Through the Monte Carlo simulation, using the deducing method and the related theory, it may be concluded that the true value is included within the confidence interval which is obtained by this method. The traditional method can only get the point estimation but not give the confidence intervals in the practical engineering. According to the method, the interval estimation of concrete strength can be give. Moreover, this method is used not only in test concrete strength, especially in the evaluation of earthquake, but also in strength detecting for bridges, the pressure vessel, aircraft wing etc.

Laser Far-Field Spot Test System

2013 ◽  
Vol 823 ◽  
pp. 331-334
Author(s):  
Yi Fei Ma
Keyword(s):  
Laser Beam ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Beam Quality ◽  
Block Diagram ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Test System ◽  
Indirect Detection ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Detection Scheme

Measurement of the energy distribution of laser spots is an effective way in characterizing and diagnosing laser beam quality. After comparing conventional direct-detection and indirect-detection methods, a novel direct-detection scheme, which is based on detector-array controlled by single-chip microprocessors, is proposed. On the basis of analyzing key technologies such as data transmission and optical-electrical conversion, a block diagram of the system is proposed. In this system, a distributed structure was adopted which was composed of a host PC, a main microprocessor and lower microprocessors. This system is capable of measuring the parameters of laser beam in outfield such as size and shape of the spot, the energy of pulse and its distribution etc. It is suitable for most of lasers with repetition rate ranging from single pulse to several hundred per second and different energy up to moderate-high level. The system is more accurate than any former systems.

scholarly journals Chitosan Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles for the Electrochemical Detection of Lipopolysaccharide: A Facile Biosensing Approach for Gram-Negative Bacteria

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Christopher J. Ehrhardt ◽  
Massimo F. Bertino ◽  
Muhammad R. Shah ◽  
Vamsi K. Yadavalli
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Indirect Detection ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Strong Electrostatic Interaction

Negatively charged lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major endotoxin and component of the outer membrane of several Gram-negative bacteria, provides a useful biomarker for the indirect detection of these pathogens. For instance, Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes infections in almost all age groups, and has been implicated in food and water contamination. Current diagnostic and detection methods tend to be labor-intensive or expensive, necessitating the need for an easy, sensitive, rapid, and low-cost method. We report on the synthesis and use of positively charged chitosan stabilized silver nanoparticles (Chi-AgNPs) as a sensitive electrochemical nanobiosensor for the detection of LPS. Chi-AgNPs were synthesized through a facile, single step protocol, and characterized for size, charge, and morphology. Glassy carbon electrodes modified with Chi-AgNPs resulted in an enhancement of signal in the presence of both LPS and E. coli. Detection was accomplished over a large concentration range (several orders of magnitude) of 0.001–100 ng/mL and 10–107 CFU/mL. The biosensors can reliably detect LPS and E. coli at very low concentrations. Chi-AgNPs have potential as low cost, sensitive nanobiosensors for Gram-negative bacteria due to strong electrostatic interaction with LPS present in their outer membranes.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum in domestic cats from Germany, Austria and Switzerland and clinical/laboratory findings in 18 PCR-positive cats (2008–2020)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2110174
Author(s):  
Ingo Schäfer ◽  
Barbara Kohn ◽  
Elisabeth Müller
Keyword(s):  
Anaplasma Phagocytophilum ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Indirect Detection ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Direct Pcr ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Granulocytic Anaplasmosis

Objectives Anaplasma phagocytophilum is considered the most significant rickettsial pathogen affecting cats. The organism is transmitted by ticks of the species Ixodes ricinus in Central Europe and can cause granulocytic anaplasmosis in pets, wildlife and humans. The aims of this study were to assess the frequency of positive test results for A phagocytophilum in cats in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, as well as to evaluate clinical and laboratory findings in cats with positive PCR results. Methods This study included the results of direct (PCR) and indirect detection methods (immunofluorescence antibody tests [IFAT]) requested by veterinarians in Germany, Austria and Switzerland between 2008 and 2020 from the LABOKLIN laboratory (Bad Kissingen, Germany). The veterinarians treating the PCR-positive cats were contacted by telephone to enquire about their clinical signs, laboratory findings, management and outcomes. Results In total, 244/1636 cats (15%) tested positive by direct (PCR: n = 27/725 [4%]) and/or indirect detection methods (IFAT: n = 221/956 [23%]). In 18/26 cats with PCR results positive for A phagocytophilum, additional information about clinical signs, laboratory findings, treatment and outcome was obtained. Of these 18 cats, five had comorbidities independent of their infection with A phagocytophilum. The most common clinical signs in PCR-positive cats (total/without comorbidities) were lethargy (83%/92%), fever (83%/85%) and thrombocytopenia (61%/62%). Overall, more than half (57%) of the cats with and without comorbidities recovered clinically. Conclusions and relevance Infections with A phagocytophilum should be considered as differential diagnoses in cats with tick infestation, lethargy, fever and thrombocytopenia. The clinical signs and laboratory findings are consistent with published case reports in cats. Ectoparasite prophylaxis in cats is recommended throughout the entire year.

scholarly journals Retrospective Evaluation of Vector-borne Infections in Cats Living in Germany (2012-2020)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo Schäfer ◽  
Barbara Kohn ◽  
Maria Volkmann ◽  
Elisabeth Müller
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Indirect Detection ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Diagnostic Panel ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Background: Blood-feeding arthropods can transmit parasitic, bacterial, or viral pathogens to domestic animals and wildlife. Vector-borne infections are gaining significance due to the increase of travel, import of domestic animals from abroad, and due to the changing climate in Europe. The main objective of this retrospective study was to assess the prevalence of some vector-borne infections in cats in which a ‘Feline Travel Profile’ had been conducted. Methods: This retrospective study included test results from cats for which a ‘Feline Travel Profile’ established by the laboratory LABOKLIN had been requested by veterinarians in Germany between April 2012 and March 2020. This above-mentioned diagnostic panel contains direct detection methods via PCR for Hepatozoon spp. and Dirofilaria spp. as well as indirect detection methods via IFAT for Ehrlichia spp. and Leishmania spp. The profile was expanded to include an IFAT for Rickettsia spp. from July 2015 onwards. The prevalence of the different vector-borne infectious agents was calculated. Results: A total of 624 cats were tested using the ‘Feline Travel Profile’. Serological samples for indirect detection methods were available for all 624 cats, EDTA-samples for direct detection methods for 618 cats. Positive test results were as follows: Ehrlichia spp. IFAT 73 out of 624 (12%), Leishmania spp. IFAT 22 out of 624 (4%), Hepatozoon spp. PCR 53 out of 618 (9%), Dirofilaria spp. PCR 1 out of 618 cats (0.2%) and, tested from July 2015 onwards, Rickettsia spp. IFAT 52 out of 467 cats (11%). At least one infection was present in 175 out of 624 cats. Three coinfections were detected before 2015; after including the Rickettsia spp. test results there were 19 cats with confections (in 14 out of these 19 cats Rickettsia spp. were involved).Conclusions: 175 out of 624 cats (28%) were tested positive for at least one vector-borne pathogen. Infections with multiple pathogens could be detected in 4% of the cats from 2012 to 2020. The data emphasizes the importance of considering the above-mentioned vector-borne infections as potential differential diagnoses in cats.

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