The 2015 Paris Climate Agreement: Design Options and Incentives to Increase Participation and Ambition

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Paris Climate Agreement ◽  
Design Options

Mission design options for human Mars missions

Mars ◽  
2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D Wooster ◽  
Robert D Braun ◽  
Jaemyung Ahn ◽  
Zachary R Putnam
Keyword(s):  
Mission Design ◽  
Design Options ◽  
Mars Missions

Design options for self-cleansing storm sewers

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandramouli Nalluri ◽  
Aminuddin Ab. Ghani
Keyword(s):  
Cohesive Sediments ◽  
Stress Criterion ◽  
Sediment Bed ◽  
Sediment Size ◽  
Codes Of Practice ◽  
Design Charts ◽  
Design Options ◽  
Minimum Velocity ◽  
Limited Depth ◽  
Storm Sewers

A list of available codes of practice for self-cleansing sewers is presented and a review of appraisals of minimum velocity criterion is summarised. Comparisons of newly developed “minimum velocity” criteria and “minimum shear stress” criterion are presented. Some design charts are also given. These charts are applicable to non-cohesive sediments (typically storm sewers). It appears that sediment size and concentration need to be taken into account, and that a limited depth of sediment bed is recommended for large pipes (diameters > 1000 mm) to maximise their transport capacity.

Descriptive Research Design

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Miksza ◽  
Kenneth Elpus
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
The Status ◽  
Scientific Endeavor ◽  
Design Options ◽  
Survey Designs

This chapter presents two of the most prominent approaches to the design of descriptive research in music education. Simply creating depictions of music teaching and learning experiences that are organized and illustrative of the variation that can exist in any given setting is a worthwhile scientific endeavor in and of itself. Descriptive research is most typically an exploration of what is, what exists, and/or the status of any given topic of interest. The first section deals with basic steps in observational research designs, and the second section outlines critical features of survey designs. These fundamental research design options are excellent entry points for emerging scholars and when employed imaginatively can yield many benefits for the profession.

scholarly journals Energy Policies at Crossroads − Will Europe's 2030 targets and framework be in line with the Paris Climate Agreement?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Rainer Hinrichs-Rahlwes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Energy Policies ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Regulatory Frameworks ◽  
Legislative Proposals ◽  
Paris Climate Agreement ◽  
The Eu

In November 2016, the European Commission presented the Clean-Energy-for-all-Europeans Package. It consists of eight legislative proposals which should define targets and policy and regulatory frameworks for the EU's climate and energy policies up to 2030 and beyond. Recasts of the existing Renewable Energies Directive and the Energy Efficiency Directive, as well as proposals for a new energy market design, which should be fit for renewables, are among the key elements of the package, which aims at replacing the existing 2020-framework. The package includes 2030-targets for Greenhouse Gas Reduction (at least 40%), Energy Efficiency (at least 27/30%), and the share of Renewables in Gross Final Energy Consumption (at least 27%). In contrast to the 2020-framework, the EU-wide renewables-target would no longer be underpinned by binding national targets but should be reached in a joint effort with a new governance system. Since the proposal was submitted to the European Parliament and the European Council for the legislative procedures which must end in an agreement before the next elections for the European Parliament in 2019, controversial debates are taking place. The intention is to finalise the legal procedures before the end of 2018. Parliament and Council had planned to decide about their respective opinions about the various pieces by February 2018. Afterwards, probably not finished before the end of 2018, compromise negations will take place, before the whole package will eventually be accepted by both bodies. Among the most controversially discussed topics is the ambition level of the proposals and whether or not it is in line with the commitments signed by the EU and all its Member States in the context of the Paris Agreement. Industry stakeholders not only from the renewable energy sector and environmental NGOs have proposed significantly higher targets in order to stay “well below 2 °C” of global warming before the end of the century. They also suggested continuing binding national targets or − as a compromise − enacting a very strict governance system. I shall present and evaluate the state of play of the 2030-framework decision process. And I shall end with some policy recommendation still to be considered in the ongoing debate.

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