Law and Science: An Essay on Links and Socio-Natural Hybrids

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Caudill
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hybrids ◽  
Law And Science

scholarly journals Law and the Laboratory: The British Vivisection Inspectorate in the 1890s

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Shira Shmuely
Keyword(s):  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Public Order ◽  
Living Animal ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Production Of Knowledge ◽  
Law And Science ◽  
Scientific Facts ◽  
Cruelty To Animals ◽  
First Time ◽  
Gain Access

The 1876 British Cruelty to Animals Act introduced an unprecedented administrative system to supervise any experiment “calculated to give pain” to a living animal. The act, which was in force for a hundred years, established a tight system of control over animal experimentation, including a small, but vigorous, inspectorate. This article explores the relations between bureaucracy and the production of knowledge through the correspondences, memos, and notes taken by two principal inspectors under the act. The inspectors belonged to the worlds of both law and science. Coming from within the scientific profession, their close ties to medical social circles not only evoked critique but also helped them fulfill their tasks and gain access to research laboratories. Archival records examined here for the first time show that, although the inspectors downplayed animals’ pain in physiological laboratories, the inspectorate played an important role in shaping the experimental space and practice, thus facilitating the production of “ethical scientific facts.” The inspectors’ work modeled the new legal regime of animal experimentation regulation, making them indispensable agents in the act’s coproduction of knowledge and public order.

INVESTIGATIONS ON RUBBER-BEARING PLANTS: IV. CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN ASCLEPIAS (TOURN.) L.

1946 ◽  
Vol 24c (3) ◽  
pp. 66-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Natural Hybrids ◽  
Rubber Bearing ◽  
Cytogenetic Studies

The chromosome number of eight species and varieties of Asclepias (A. syriaca, A. incarnata and variety pulchra and forma albiflora, A. Sullivantii, A. tuberosa, A. curassavica, A. speciosa) was found to be 2n = 22.Various interspecific pollinations were attempted without success. A cross of A. incarnata with forma albiflora was successful.Possible natural hybrids between A. syriaca and A. speciosa and between A. incarnata and var. pulchra and forma albiflora are described. Two unusual chimaeral plants of A. incarnata that produced several stems of forma albiflora are described.

CYTOLOGY OF POPLAR SPECIES AND NATURAL HYBRIDS

1938 ◽  
Vol 16c (11) ◽  
pp. 445-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Peto
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Pollen Size ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Good Pollen ◽  
Natural Hybrids ◽  
Pollen Diameter ◽  
High Degree

Complete analyses of pollen-mother-cell nuclei at first metaphase, percentage good pollen, pollen diameter and pollen-size distribution were determired for the following poplar species and natural hybrids: Populus grandidentata Michx., P. tremuloides Michx., P. eugenei Simon Louis, P. alba L., P. canescens Sm., natural hybrids of P. alba × P. grandidentata and of P. alba × P. tremuloides.Both of the P. alba and two of the four P. canescens trees examined were triploids (2n = 57) while all other trees examined were diploids (2n = 38). Meiotic observations on the natural hybrids indicated a high degree of homology between the chromosomes of P. alba and the native aspens (P. grandidentata and P. tremuloides), since 17 to 19 bivalents were usually found at first metaphase. In collections from one triploid P. canescens and two diploid alba-grandidentata hybrid trees, failure of a high proportion of the chromosomes to pair was attributed to genetic factors limiting pairing, rather than to non-homology.Pollen characters such as percentage good pollen, pollen diameter, and pollen size distribution were, in most cases, not indicative of the chromosome number or pairing relations at first metaphase. Consequently, triploids could not be detected by pollen observations under the conditions of this experiment. In spite of the lack of correlation between first metaphase and pollen observations, abnormally large pollen grains were observed in collections from several of the trees, and these were considered to contain the diploid or unreduced chromosome complement. The tendency for the poplars to produce unreduced pollen grains probably accounts for the number of triploid trees discovered in Canada and Sweden.

Pollen Transfer by Natural Hybrids and Parental Species in an Ipomopsis Hybrid Zone

Evolution ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane R. Campbell ◽  
Nickolas M. Waser ◽  
Paul G. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Zone ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Pollen Transfer ◽  
Natural Hybrids

CYTOGENETICS OF SOME SPECIES AND NATURAL HYBRIDS IN PROSOPIS (LEGUMINOSAE)

1975 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Hunziker ◽  
L. Poggio ◽  
C. A. Naranjo ◽  
R. A. Palacios ◽  
A. B. Andrada
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
General Lack ◽  
Cytological Data ◽  
Natural Hybrids ◽  
Regular Meiosis ◽  
Putative Hybrids

Cytological results on 12 species and 4 putative hybrids of Prosopis are presented. Of these, 5 species and 4 hybrids have been hitherto unknown cytologically. The following species proved to be diploid (2n = 28) and constitute new chromosome number determinations for the genus: P. algarobilla Griseb., P. hassleri Harms, P. nigra (Griseb.) Hieron., P. patagonica Speg., P. tamarugo Phil. The diploid nature of some races of P. juliflora (Sw.) DC. is established; apparently under this taxon there are also tetraploid populations. The following putative interspecific hybrids showed regular meiosis with formation of 14 bivalents: P. vinalillo Stuck. (P. ruscifolia × P. alba?), P. alba × P. nigra? and P. hassleri × P. ruscifolia?.So far 28 taxa of the genus have been studied cytologically; 27 of these are diploid. The scarcity of polyploidy in the genus (3.5%) might be a consequence of the almost general lack of means of vegetative reproduction and of the absence of chromosome repatterning in primary speciation. Results of other authors concerning cytological data are also discussed.

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