The United States Response to the 9/11 Terror Attacks: A New Paradigm for State Responsibility?

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason D. Jolley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Terror Attacks

Embracing Four Tensions in Human-Computer Interaction Research with Marginalized People

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-47
Author(s):  
Calvin A. Liang ◽  
Sean A. Munson ◽  
Julie A. Kientz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
History Of ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Interaction Research ◽  
Oriented Approach ◽  
Computer Interaction

Human-computer interaction has a long history of working with marginalized people. We sought to understand how HCI researchers navigate work that engages with marginalized people and considerations researchers might work through to expand benefits and mitigate potential harms. In total, 24 HCI researchers, located primarily in the United States, participated in an interview, survey, or both. Through a reflexive thematic analysis, we identified four tensions—exploitation, membership, disclosure, and allyship. We explore the complexity involved in each, demonstrating that an equitable endpoint may not be possible, but this work is still worth pursuing when researchers make certain considerations. We emphasize that researchers who work with marginalized people should account for each tension in their research approaches to move forward. Finally, we propose an allyship-oriented approach to research that draws inspiration from discourse occurring in tangential fields and activist spaces and pushes the field into a new paradigm of research with marginalized people.

Obama's Legacy on Israel/Palestine

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Ruebner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Solution ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
The U.S

This retrospective assessment argues that despite the arrival in office in 2009 of a president who articulated the case for Palestinian rights more strongly and eloquently than any of his predecessors, U.S. official policy in the Obama years skewed heavily in favor of Israel. While a negotiated two-state resolution of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians continued to be the formal goal of the United States, Israel's defiant refusal to stop settlement expansion, the administration's determined actions to perpetuate Israeli impunity in international fora, as well as the U.S. taxpayer's hefty subsidy of the Israeli military machine all ensured that no progress could be made on that score. The author predicts that with all hopes of a negotiated two-state solution now shattered, Obama's successor will have to contend with an entirely new paradigm, thanks in no small part to the gathering momentum of the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) movement.

Graft for Immediate use as First Stage of a Native Fistula

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl Schuman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Graft Failure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Dialysis Access ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Native Fistula ◽  
Fistula Maturation

The majority of patients in the United States begin hemodialysis with a catheter. Many have immature or inadequate fistulae. At 90 days 77% of these patients are still using a catheter or a graft. The morbidity and mortality from prolonged catheter use have been well delineated. Although most of us adhere to the DOQI and Fistula First tenets, a fistula at all costs can seem counterproductive. A new paradigm is needed. The techniques described in this paper offer a novel approach to circumvent the problems of increasing catheter use and long fistula maturation times. The graft for immediate use is placed in the forearm and allows the proximal vessels to mature while providing dialysis access without a catheter. When these vessels meet maturation guidelines, or when surveillance indicates impending graft failure, a native fistula can be constructed and used in a 2–3 week period. This approach minimizes or circumvents catheter use altogether.

Religious Foundations of the Last Instructions of 9/11

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans G. Kippenberg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Osama Bin Laden ◽  
Early Islamic ◽  
Present World ◽  
American Concept

An instruction manual consisting of four sheets in Arabic was found with three of the four teams that performed the terror attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001. The writing conceived of the action as a raid (ghazwa), as we know it from early Islamic history. It instructed the teams how to perform the ghazwa correctly. Purifying their intentions by recitals, rituals, and bodily cleaning, they turn their attack into an act of worship. A part called the “second stage” anticipates the issue of assuring divine protection at the airport. Finally “a third stage” urges the teams to act in the plane according the practice of the Prophet and to achieve martyrdom. To understand the manual and its framing of the violence, six dimensions will be analyzed: (1) Arguments for and against the authenticity of the document are discussed. (2) The attack happened in the wake of a declaration of war by the “World Islamic Front for the Jihad against Jews and Crusaders” in 1998, signed by Osama bin Laden and leaders of other jihadist groups. (3) The message spread across the Internet and was accepted by various groups that regarded the situation of Islam as threatened, among them a group of young Muslim men in Hamburg. A network called al-Qaeda emerged. (4) The present world is dominated by the power of ignorance and hubris (jahiliyya). The manual prescribed an attack in terms of the raids (ghazwa) of the Prophet in Medina. (5) The manual presumes a particular communal form of organizing militant Muslims. (6) It celebrated militancy of Muslims and presupposed a fighter’s ethos in the diaspora. An argument is made that the American concept of terrorism as a manifestation of evil and immorality destined to be eradicated militarily by the United States and their allies ignores the secular character of conflict and accelerates the cycle of violence.

scholarly journals State Responsibility for “Targeted Sanctions”

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 135-139
Author(s):  
Antonios Tzanakopoulos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Collective Action ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Responsibility ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Legal Entities

The United States and other actors such as the European Union impose “targeted sanctions” against foreign officials for acts carried out in their official capacity, or against legal entities of targeted states. This mirrors the practice and experience of the United Nations. The Security Council's practice of imposing comprehensive sanctions in the early 1990s quickly evolved into a practice of “targeted” or “smart” sanctions, to both improve effectiveness and to alleviate the significant effects of sanctions on the population of targeted states. However, the legal regime for resorting to sanctions is different when it comes to states acting unilaterally than it is for collective action within the framework of the UN Charter. This essay first clarifies some terminological issues. It then delves into the legality of the practice of unilateral “targeted sanctions,” and concludes that the most legally difficult aspect of these measures is their purported extraterritoriality.

Ethnic Church Meets Megachurch

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prema A. Kurien
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Coming Of Age ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
South Indian ◽  
European Immigrants

This book examines how a new paradigm of ethnicity and religion is shaping contemporary immigrant religious institutions and the intergenerational transmission of religion. While earlier European immigrants to the United States were expected to assimilate to the culture of the host society in the public realm, they could maintain their community lives and cultural traditions through American denominations. In contemporary society, multiculturalism and post-denominationalism have reversed this paradigm. First- and second-generation immigrants integrate by remaining ethnic and group-identified, but religion is viewed as a personal quest. Drawing on multisited field research in the United States and India, including interviews and participant observation in the Mar Thoma Syrian Christian denomination belonging to an ancient south Indian community, the book looks at the shifts in the understanding and practice of Christianity by church members as a result of their U.S. migration and the coming of age of the American-born generation. The widespread prevalence of megachurches and the dominance of American evangelicalism created an environment in which the traditional practices of the Mar Thoma church seemed alien to its American-born generation. Second-generation Mar Thoma Americans were caught between their criticisms of the “ethnic” character of the Mar Thoma church and its traditions, and their appreciation for the social support its warm community and familial relationships provided them as they were growing up. This book is also a case study of global religion. It examines how transnational processes shape religion in both the place of destination and the place of origin.

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