Protection of Close Corporation Minority Shareholders in the United States

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur R. Pinto
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Close Corporation

scholarly journals O IMPACTO DA PROTEÇÃO AOS ACIONISTAS MINORITÁRIOS: O CASO PETROBRÁS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (56) ◽  
pp. 270
Author(s):  
Guilherme Amorim Campos SILVA
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Minority Shareholder ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Minority Shareholders

RESUMOA governança corporativa pode ser considerada como fator de redução de risco aos investidores, no entanto, a proteção legal direcionada aos investidores minoritários não se configura de igual maneira no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos, o que acaba por refletir nas ações propostas nesses dois países com o objetivo de ressarcimento a esses investidores frente aos escândalos de corrupção envolvendo a Petrobrás.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Class Action; Governança Corporativa; Investidores Minoritários; Petrobrás.ABSTRACTCorporate governance can be considered as a risk reduction factor for investors, however, legal protection directed at minority shareholder is not the same in Brazil and the United States, which is reflected in the actions proposed in these two countries with the objective of reimbursing these investors against the corruption scandals involving Petrobras.KEYWORDS: Class Action; Corporate Governance; Minority Shareholders; Petrobras

scholarly journals ‘Baby, it’s cold outside ...’ – A Comparative and Economic Analysis of Freeze-outs of Minority Shareholders

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-196
Author(s):  
Tom Vos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Law And Economics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
European Union Law ◽  
Free Rider Problem ◽  
A Company

Because minority shareholders can be a nuisance for a company, a majority shareholder may want to freeze them out. In general, the approach in the United States towards freeze-outs is more flexible than in the European Union. Law and economics scholarship suggests that a flexible regime for freeze-outs may be beneficial for society, as it addresses a free rider problem and a holdout problem in the market for corporate control. However, these insights are rarely integrated into European legal scholarship. This article endeavours to determine what constitutes an efficient legal framework on freeze-outs through a comparative law and economics approach. First, the legal regime on freeze-outs in the United States is compared with the regime of the Takeover Directive in the European Union and with Dutch law. Then, these legal systems are evaluated on their efficiency. Finally, some suggestions of reform are made for the European Union.

Correlative microscopy in distrubuted (client/server) computing environments: tools for catalyzing the rapid dissemination of information about the cell biology of the human prostate

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
A. Hakam ◽  
J.T. Gau ◽  
M.L. Grove ◽  
B.A. Evans ◽  
M. Shuman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Tissue Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prostate Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Correlative Microscopy ◽  
Client Server ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Transplant Organ

Prostate adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of men in the United States and is the third leading cause of death in men. Despite attempts at early detection, there will be 244,000 new cases and 44,000 deaths from the disease in the United States in 1995. Therapeutic progress against this disease is hindered by an incomplete understanding of prostate epithelial cell biology, the availability of human tissues for in vitro experimentation, slow dissemination of information between prostate cancer research teams and the increasing pressure to “ stretch” research dollars at the same time staff reductions are occurring.To meet these challenges, we have used the correlative microscopy (CM) and client/server (C/S) computing to increase productivity while decreasing costs. Critical elements of our program are as follows:1) Establishing the Western Pennsylvania Genitourinary (GU) Tissue Bank which includes >100 prostates from patients with prostate adenocarcinoma as well as >20 normal prostates from transplant organ donors.

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