Company Law as a Restriction to Free Movement Examination of the Notion of 'Restriction' Using Company Law as the Frame of Reference

Not many decisions of the Court of Justice have stirred such an intensive academic debate in Germany1 as the Court's well-known Centros judgment,2 dealing with a Danish couple that had registered a private limited company in England and had then applied to register a branch in Denmark. The Danish authorities refused a registration for the reason that under Danish law a ‘foreign limited company’ which does not transact business in its state of incorporation has to fulfil certain requirements of Danish company law, in particular the paying-up of the minimum capital fixed at DKK 200.000. The competent Danish Court referred the question to the Court of Justice whether the Danish regulation was compatible with Article 52 (now Article 43) ECT in conjunction with Article 58 (now Article 48) ECT.

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Replication of Bacteriophage 186 DNA

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010009422x ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 194-195

Author(s):

Dhruba K. Chattoraj ◽

Ross B. Inman

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Dna Replication ◽

Frame Of Reference ◽

Dna Molecules ◽

E Coli ◽

Phage Dna ◽

Partial Denaturation

Electron microscopy of replicating intermediates has been quite useful in understanding the mechanism of DNA replication in DNA molecules of bacteriophage, mitochondria and plasmids. The use of partial denaturation mapping has made the tool more powerful by providing a frame of reference by which the position of the replicating forks in bacteriophage DNA can be determined on the circular replicating molecules. This provided an easy means to find the origin and direction of replication in λ and P2 phage DNA molecules. DNA of temperate E. coli phage 186 was found to have an unique denaturation map and encouraged us to look into its mode of replication.

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Corporate Reporting and Company Law

10.1017/cbo9780511494857 ◽

2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Charlotte Villiers

Keyword(s):

Company Law ◽

Corporate Reporting

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Die Spezifität von Begabungsüberzeugungen als Determinante des verbalen und mathematischen Begabungsselbstkonzepts

Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie ◽

10.1024//1010-0652.16.2.87 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 87-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Jens Möller ◽

Britta Pohlmann ◽

Lilian Streblow ◽

Julia Kaufmann

Keyword(s):

Reference Model ◽

Frame Of Reference ◽

External Frame

Zusammenfassung: Das I/E-Modell (“Internal/External Frame of Reference Model”) von Marsh (1986) postuliert, dass Schülerinnen und Schüler dimensionale Vergleiche der eigenen Leistungen in einem Fach mit den Leistungen in einem anderen Fach anstellen. Diese Vergleiche führen dazu, dass z. B. Schüler mit guten Leistungen in Mathematik ihre verbalen Fähigkeiten niedriger einschätzen. Gegenstand dieser Untersuchung mit N = 1114 Probanden ist die Frage, ob die Überzeugungen von Personen zum Zusammenhang von mathematischer und verbaler Begabung die Effekte dimensionaler Vergleiche moderieren. Analysen zeigten die Bedeutung der Begabungsüberzeugungen der Schülerinnen und Schüler: Negative Zusammenhänge zwischen den Fachleistungen in einem Fach und dem akademischen Selbstkonzept in einem anderen Fach ergaben sich insbesondere für Personen, die annehmen, dass Begabung domänenspezifisch ist, man also entweder mathematisch oder sprachlich begabt ist. Für Schüler mit eher wenig spezifischer Begabungsüberzeugung ergaben sich geringere Effekte dimensionaler Vergleiche.

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Values and intergroup perceptions of East Germans and West Germans in 1998 1This research was supported by a grant from the German Research Society (We 1106/3-1).

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024//1421-0185.58.4.263 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 263-272

Author(s):

Jörg Doll ◽

Michael Dick

Keyword(s):

Research Society ◽

Frame Of Reference ◽

Control Group ◽

Perceived Similarity ◽

The West ◽

Need For Uniqueness ◽

German Research ◽

East German ◽

Experimental Group ◽

East West

The studies reported here focus on similarities and dissimilarities between the terminal value hierarchies ( Rokeach, 1973 ) ascribed to different groups ( Schwartz & Struch, 1990 ). In Study 1, n = 65 East Germans and n = 110 West Germans mutually assess the respective ingroup and outgroup. In this intra-German comparison the West Germans, with a mean intraindividual correlation of rho = 0.609, perceive a significantly greater East-West similarity between the group-related value hierarchies than the East Germans, with a mean rho = 0.400. Study 2 gives East German subjects either a Swiss (n = 58) or Polish (n = 59) frame of reference in the comparison between the categories German and East German. Whereas the Swiss frame of reference should arouse a need for uniqueness, the Polish frame of reference should arouse a need for similarity. In accordance with expectations, the Swiss frame of reference significantly reduces the correlative similarity between German and East German from a mean rho = 0.703 in a control group (n = 59) to a mean rho = 0.518 in the experimental group. Contrary to expectations, the Polish frame of reference does not lead to an increase in perceived similarity (mean rho = 0.712).

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Wie generell ist das Modell?

Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie ◽

10.1024/1010-0652.18.34.221 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 18 (3/4) ◽

pp. 221-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Susanne R. Schilling ◽

Jörn R. Sparfeldt ◽

Detlef H. Rost

Keyword(s):

Frame Of Reference ◽

External Frame

Zusammenfassung: Im Rahmen der Genese schulischer Selbstkonzepte postuliert das “Internal/External Frame of Reference”-Modell (I/E-M, Marsh, 1986 ) zwei (gegenläufige) Vergleichsprozesse: Neben sozialen Vergleichen spielen auch dimensionale Vergleiche (Leistungen in verschiedenen Fächern werden einander gegenübergestellt) eine Rolle. Diese sollen zu Kontrasteffekten führen, d. h. zu negativen Pfaden der Leistung in einem Fach (z. B. Mathematik) auf das Selbstkonzept in einem anderen Fach (z. B. Deutsch). Empirische Untersuchungen konzentrierten sich bislang hauptsächlich auf Mathematik und (Mutter-)Sprache. An N = 1632 Gymnasiasten haben wir das I/E-M strukturgleichungsbasiert für zwei sprachliche (Deutsch, Englisch), zwei naturwissenschaftliche (Physik, Mathematik) und zwei nicht eindeutig einer Domäne zugehörige Fächer (Geschichte, Biologie) überprüft. Neben Kontrasteffekten traten auch Assimilationseffekte (positive Pfade der Leistung in einem Fach auf das Selbstkonzept in einem anderen Fach) auf. Zukünftig müsste präzisiert werden, welche Faktoren das Ergebnis dimensionaler Vergleiche (Assimilation oder Kontrast) moderieren.

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Life after Heart Transplantation

European Psychologist ◽

10.1027//1016-9040.7.4.285 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 285-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lucia Savadori ◽

Lorella Lotto ◽

Rino Rumiati

Keyword(s):

Heart Transplantation ◽

Frame Of Reference ◽

Physician Communication ◽

Risk Averse ◽

Medical Team ◽

Perceived Knowledge ◽

Surgical Technology ◽

Postoperative Therapy ◽

Life Expectation ◽

Risk Judgments

Progress in surgical technology and in postoperative therapy has remarkably increased life expectation after heart transplantation. Nevertheless, patients still show a resistance to resume a normal life after transplantation, for example, to return to work. In this study we assume that after surgery patients become risk averse because they achieve a positive frame of reference. Because of this propensity toward risk aversion, they withhold from engaging in behavior that their physical condition would allow them in principle. Coherent with this assumption we found that compared to the medical team patients overestimate the degree of risk for routine activities. The study also showed that the representation of risk by the patients could be captured by a dreadfulness factor and a voluntariness factor. Patients' risk judgments were strongly and specifically predicted by the perceived degree of dreadfulness of the activity and, to a lesser extent, by the perceived knowledge of the consequences. Implications for patient-physician communication were explored.

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