Political Economy and Economic Law in Brazil: From Import Substitution to the Challenges of the New State Activism

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Schapiro ◽  
Diogo R. Coutinho
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Economic Law ◽  
State Activism

Moroccan Cronyism

2019 ◽  
pp. 146-170
Author(s):  
Mohammed Said Saadi
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
The State ◽  
Foreign Competition ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
Countervailing Power ◽  
Preferential Access ◽  
Political Connectedness

This chapter looks at cronyism as a pillar of Morocco’s political economy and studies its manifestation and impact in the manufacturing sector. Cronyism and patronage have helped the Makhzen to strengthen its control on Moroccan society and prevent any countervailing power from taking root, especially in the economic sphere. After Morocco became independent, the state–business nexus was consolidated through “Moroccanization,” import-substitution strategy, and privatization. The network of cronyism and patronage was reinforced and extended during the liberalization era. This chapter uses a unique database to identify politically connected firms and measure their performance in comparison with non-connected ones. Political privileges are granted to connected firms through preferential access to finance, protection from foreign competition, and discriminatory implementation of rules and regulations. This chapter also provides some illustrative evidence showing that political connectedness tends to impede firms’ dynamics and innovation.

Uncertain New Middle Classes: Changing Consumption Practices and State Policies in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 464-484
Author(s):  
Volha Biziukova
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
State Policies ◽  
The State ◽  
Productive Capacity ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Consumption Practices ◽  
New Policies

This article explores the reactions of Russia’s new middle classes to the embargo and import substitution and their changing consumption practices against the background of the economic crisis. It serves as an entry point to look at the interplay of the new middle classes’ socio-economic positionalities and affiliations with the state within a particular political economy. Drawing on fieldwork data collected in 2015–2018, the article traces the subjectivities and orientations that enable the new middle classes’ coping strategies. It demonstrates how their responses are mediated by their imagination of the state and the global hierarchies in which they feel situated to a significant extent through their state membership. The analysis examines how the arrangements of Russia’s political economy come into conflict with the image of a “proper” state, which the new middle classes associate with productive capacity and technological advancement. It invites us to revisit the idea of the eclipse of “production” by “consumption” in assessing the performance of a nation-state, which, as the article shows, is reversed in Russia’s context. Furthermore, it highlights how the reactions to these new policies become a medium to criticize Russia’s post-socialist development and to articulate aspirations for its repositioning in the global system, which is translated into negotiations of the new middle classes’ relatively privileged positions.

State Autonomy and the Crisis of Import Substitution

1989 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
HENRI J. BARKEY
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
State Autonomy ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
State Dynamic ◽  
Loss Of Autonomy

Import Substituting Industrialization (ISI) strategies that were instituted with great expectations in Latin America and elsewhere have not produced the desired results. Instead, ISI has been blamed for giving rise to inefficient economic structures and even for the emergence of Bureaucratic Authoritarian States. This article argues that the problems generally attributed to ISI are, in fact, due to a lack of state autonomy. What causes the loss of autonomy is the emergence of powerful and fiercely competing private sector interests intent on maximizing their share of “economic rents.” The resulting private sector-state dynamic hampers the formulation of long-term policies. The operation of this dynamic is demonstrated through a case study of Turkey in the 1970s, where the state, paralyzed by private sector competition, just witnessed the collapse of its political economy.

scholarly journals Excedente e território: uma leitura das ferrovias brasileiras a partir do cruzamento entre direito econômico e geografia crítica

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (38) ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Marquezan Augusto
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Uneven Development ◽  
The Political ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Critical Geography ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Economic Law

Excedente e território: uma leitura das ferrovias brasileiras a partir do cruzamento entre direito econômico e geografia crítica Surplus and territory: an understanding of brazilian railways from the interplay between economic law and critical geographyWalter Marquezan Augusto*  REFERÊNCIA AUGUSTO, Walter Marquezan. Excedente e território: uma leitura das ferrovias brasileiras a partir do cruzamento entre direito econômico e geografia crítica. Revista da Faculdade de Direito da UFRGS, Porto Alegre, n. 38, p. 199-219, ago. 2018. RESUMOABSTRACTO presente artigo busca construir uma linha interpretativa para pesquisas em direito econômico da infraestrutura a partir do cruzamento interdisciplinar com a geografia crítica. Considerando a complexidade envolvida na constituição do objeto de pesquisa em direito econômico, questiona-se quais pressupostos teóricos permitiriam uma abertura interdisciplinar aos fundamentos do próprio direito econômico. A hipótese aponta para as zonas conceituais comuns identificadas nos tópicos do excedente e do território. Apoiado nessa construção, propõe-se experimentalmente uma leitura sobre o setor ferroviário brasileiro. Partindo de referências historiográficas sobre o tema, o trabalho analisa a economia política da forma jurídica que aparece traduzida em determinados momentos de transformação das ferrovias brasileiras, na longa duração, sob o prisma do fluxo de excedente sobre os fixos e o desenvolvimento desigual do território dentro do campo da infraestrutura. This paper aims to build an interpretation for researches on infrastructure law from an interdisciplinary view with critical geography. Considering the complexity of the constitution of a research object in economic law, the article questions the theorical premises that could assume an interdisciplinary opening for the own economic law basis. The hypothesis indicates to mutual concepts of surplus and territory. Based on this, the work proposes an experimental interpretation of Brazilian railway sector. Emerging from historiographical references on this theme, this work analyzes the political economy of the juridical form that appears translated in certain moments of the Brazilian railroads transformation, in the long-term, under the prism of surplus flow over fixes and the uneven development of territory inside infrastructure field. PALAVRAS-CHAVEKEYWORDSDireito econômico da infraestrutura. Geografia crítica. Excedente. Território. Ferrovias.Infrastructure economic law. Critical geography. Surplus. Territory. Railways.* Doutorando na área de Direito Econômico e Economia Política do Programa de Pós-Graduação da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo (USP).

scholarly journals The Political Direction of Indonesian Economic Law as the Conception of Welfare State in the 1945 Constitution

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1310-1319
Author(s):  
Neni Sri Imaniyati ◽  
◽  
Efik Yusdiansyah ◽  
Muhardi Muhardi ◽  
Husni Syam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Economic Law ◽  
General Welfare ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Welfare State

Political law, political economy and political economy law are three concepts that arise from a deep understanding of the 1945 Constitution as statutory norms. A series that tries to align the interests and desires of the 1945 Constitution with the interests of the state and the people's wishes, which often have different views and practices between the two. This article aims to analyze the direction of Indonesian economic law politics policy in the Welfare State conception based on the 1945 Constitution. The method used is a normative juridical approach with descriptive-analytical techniques using qualitative juridical data analysis methods. This article concludes that the direction of Indonesian economic policy shows some adoption of neoliberalism values that have become references in the formulation of monetary policy in Indonesia. As a government law politics, the direction of economic policy must be oriented towards the institutionalization of the status of the Indonesian nation to advance the general welfare. And the "vehicle" for institutionalizing this staatsidee, as formulated in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, is the concept of a welfare state.

scholarly journals Why were Latin America's tariffs so much higher than Asia's before 1950?

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Clemens ◽  
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
World War ◽  
Tariff Policy ◽  
World War 2 ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Natural Barriers

AbstractLatin America had the highest tariffs in the world before 1914; Asia had the lowest. Heavily protected Latin America also boasted some of the most explosivebelle époquegrowth, while open Asia registered some of the least. What brought the two regions to the opposite ends of the tariff policy spectrum? We find that limits to Asian tariff policy autonomy may have lowered tariffs substantially there, but by themselves they cannot explain why Asian tariffs were so much lower than the Latin American tariffs before 1914; that natural barriers, domestic political economy and strategic tariff policy seems to have contributed much to the difference and that the origins of Asian post-World War 2 import-substitution policies seem to lie in the interwar years when Asian tariff levels caught up with those of Latin America.

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