A Functional Understanding of the Banking Ombudsman in India

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devdeep Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Functional Understanding

EU Non-Refoulement: (The Irrelevance of) Territoriality and Pre-Border Controls

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violeta Moreno-Lax
Keyword(s):  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Refugee Law ◽  
Functional Understanding ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
International Refugee Law ◽  
Border Controls ◽  
The Eu

This chapter identifies the content and scope of application of the EU prohibition of refoulement. Following the ‘cumulative standards’ approach, the analysis incorporates developments in international human rights law (IHRL) and international refugee law (IRL). Taking account of the prominent role of the ECHR and the Refugee Convention (CSR51) as sources of Article 19 CFR, these are the two main instruments taken in consideration. The scope of application of Articles 33 CSR51 and 3 ECHR will be identified in turns. Autonomous requirements of EU law will be determined by reference to the asylum acquis as interpreted by the CJEU. The main focus will be on the establishment of the territorial reach of EU non-refoulement. The idea that it may be territorially confined will be rejected. Drawing on the ‘Fransson paradigm’, a ‘functional’ understanding of the ‘implementation of EU law’ standard under Article 51 CFR will be put forward, as the decisive factor to determine applicability of Charter provisions. The implications of non-refoulement for the different measures of extraterritorial control considered in Part I will be delineated at the end.

Plant carotenoid cleavage oxygenases: structure–function relationships and role in development and metabolism

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar Dhar ◽  
Sonal Mishra ◽  
Archana Bhat ◽  
Sudha Chib ◽  
Sanjana Kaul
Keyword(s):  
Higher Plants ◽  
Domain Architecture ◽  
Heme Iron ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Protein Family ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Non Heme Iron ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Functional Understanding ◽  
Signal Production

Abstract A plant communicates within itself and with the outside world by deploying an array of agents that include several attractants by virtue of their color and smell. In this category, the contribution of ‘carotenoids and apocarotenoids’ is very significant. Apocarotenoids, the carotenoid-derived compounds, show wide representation among organisms. Their biosynthesis occurs by oxidative cleavage of carotenoids, a high-value reaction, mediated by carotenoid cleavage oxygenases or carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs)—a family of non-heme iron enzymes. Structurally, this protein family displays wide diversity but is limited in its distribution among plants. Functionally, this protein family has been recognized to offer a role in phytohormones, volatiles and signal production. Further, their wide presence and clade-specific functional disparity demands a comprehensive account. This review focuses on the critical assessment of CCDs of higher plants, describing recent progress in their functional aspects and regulatory mechanisms, domain architecture, classification and localization. The work also highlights the relevant discussion for further exploration of this multi-prospective protein family for the betterment of its functional understanding and improvement of crops.

scholarly journals PARP Power: A Structural Perspective on PARP1, PARP2, and PARP3 in DNA Damage Repair and Nucleosome Remodelling

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5112
Author(s):  
Lotte van Beek ◽  
Éilís McClay ◽  
Saleha Patel ◽  
Marianne Schimpl ◽  
Laura Spagnolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Damage ◽  
Dna Binding ◽  
Parp Inhibitors ◽  
Covalent Modification ◽  
Activation Mechanism ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Damage Repair ◽  
Complementary Role ◽  
Functional Understanding

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) 1-3 are well-known multi-domain enzymes, catalysing the covalent modification of proteins, DNA, and themselves. They attach mono- or poly-ADP-ribose to targets using NAD+ as a substrate. Poly-ADP-ribosylation (PARylation) is central to the important functions of PARP enzymes in the DNA damage response and nucleosome remodelling. Activation of PARP happens through DNA binding via zinc fingers and/or the WGR domain. Modulation of their activity using PARP inhibitors occupying the NAD+ binding site has proven successful in cancer therapies. For decades, studies set out to elucidate their full-length molecular structure and activation mechanism. In the last five years, significant advances have progressed the structural and functional understanding of PARP1-3, such as understanding allosteric activation via inter-domain contacts, how PARP senses damaged DNA in the crowded nucleus, and the complementary role of histone PARylation factor 1 in modulating the active site of PARP. Here, we review these advances together with the versatility of PARP domains involved in DNA binding, the targets and shape of PARylation and the role of PARPs in nucleosome remodelling.

scholarly journals Connecting the αα-hubs: same fold, disordered ligands, new functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasse Staby ◽  
Katrine Bugge ◽  
Rasmus Greve Falbe-Hansen ◽  
Edoardo Salladini ◽  
Karen Skriver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins ◽  
Disordered Proteins ◽  
Telomere Elongation ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Intrinsically Disordered ◽  
Functional Understanding ◽  
Signal Specificity ◽  
Telomere Regulation ◽  
Secondary Structure Motif

Abstract Background Signal fidelity depends on protein–protein interaction–‘hubs’ integrating cues from large interactomes. Recently, and based on a common secondary structure motif, the αα-hubs were defined, which are small α-helical domains of large, modular proteins binding intrinsically disordered transcriptional regulators. Methods Comparative structural biology. Results We assign the harmonin-homology-domain (HHD, also named the harmonin N-terminal domain, NTD) present in large proteins such as harmonin, whirlin, cerebral cavernous malformation 2, and regulator of telomere elongation 1 to the αα-hubs. The new member of the αα-hubs expands functionality to include scaffolding of supra-modular complexes mediating sensory perception, neurovascular integrity and telomere regulation, and reveal novel features of the αα-hubs. As a common trait, the αα-hubs bind intrinsically disordered ligands of similar properties integrating similar cellular cues, but without cross-talk. Conclusion The inclusion of the HHD in the αα-hubs has uncovered new features, exemplifying the utility of identifying groups of hub domains, whereby discoveries in one member may cross-fertilize discoveries in others. These features make the αα-hubs unique models for decomposing signal specificity and fidelity. Using these as models, together with other suitable hub domain, we may advance the functional understanding of hub proteins and their role in cellular communication and signaling, as well as the role of intrinsically disordered proteins in signaling networks.

scholarly journals Improving gene function predictions using independent transcriptional components

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos G. Urzúa-Traslaviña ◽  
Vincent C. Leeuwenburgh ◽  
Arkajyoti Bhattacharya ◽  
Stefan Loipfinger ◽  
Marcel A. T. M. van Vugt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Independent Component Analysis ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Independent Component ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
New Members ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing Data ◽  
Gene Sets ◽  
Functional Understanding

AbstractThe interpretation of high throughput sequencing data is limited by our incomplete functional understanding of coding and non-coding transcripts. Reliably predicting the function of such transcripts can overcome this limitation. Here we report the use of a consensus independent component analysis and guilt-by-association approach to predict over 23,000 functional groups comprised of over 55,000 coding and non-coding transcripts using publicly available transcriptomic profiles. We show that, compared to using Principal Component Analysis, Independent Component Analysis-derived transcriptional components enable more confident functionality predictions, improve predictions when new members are added to the gene sets, and are less affected by gene multi-functionality. Predictions generated using human or mouse transcriptomic data are made available for exploration in a publicly available web portal.

scholarly journals Identification and functional characterization of the Piezo1 channel pore domain

2020 ◽  
pp. jbc.RA120.015905
Author(s):  
Elena D Nosyreva ◽  
David Thompson ◽  
Ruhma Syeda
Keyword(s):  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Functional Study ◽  
Heat Sensation ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Functional Understanding ◽  
And Function ◽  
Downstream Processes ◽  
Pore Domain ◽  
First Time

Mechanotransduction is the process by which cells convert physical forces into electro-chemical responses. On a molecular scale these forces are detected by mechanically activated ion channels, which constitute the basis for hearing, touch, pain, cold and heat sensation amongst other physiological processes. Exciting high-resolution structural details of these channels are currently emerging that will eventually allow us to delineate the molecular determinants of gating and ion permeation. However, our structural-functional understanding across the family remains limited. Piezo1 is one of the largest and least understood of these channels, with various structurally identified features within its trimeric assembly. This study seeks to determine the modularity and function of Piezo1 channels by constructing deletion proteins guided by cryo EM structural knowledge. Our comprehensive functional study identified, for the first time, the minimal amino acid sequence of the full-length Piezo1 that can fold and function as the channel’s pore domain between E2172 and the last residue E2547. While, the addition of an anchor region has no effect on permeation properties. The Piezo1 pore domain is not pressure sensitive and the appending of Piezo Repeat-A did not restore pressure-dependent gating, hence the sensing module must exist between residues 1-1952. Our efforts delineating the permeation and gating regions within this complex ion channel have implications in identifying small molecules that exclusively regulate the activity of the channel’s pore module to influence mechanotransduction and downstream processes.

The Transdisciplinary Model: Implications for Service Delivery and Personnel Preparation for the Severely and Profoundly Handicapped

AAESPH Review ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda McCormick ◽  
Ronald Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Behavior Analysis ◽  
Applied Behavior Analysis ◽  
Personnel Preparation ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Professional Responsibilities ◽  
Traditional Program ◽  
Functional Understanding ◽  
Primary Service ◽  
Models Of Service Delivery

This article describes three models of service delivery to the severely and profoundly handicapped and advocates a transdisciplinary model, in which team members serve as consultants to one primary service implementor. Data are given to demonstrate the inefficiency of one traditional program of service delivery. The authors suggest that professional responsibilities be more equally shared among team members, and that team members for all disciplines have a functional understanding of applied behavior analysis to use as a common set of techniques.

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