scholarly journals The Causal Effect of Family Income on Child Health: A Re-Examination Using an Instrumental Variables Approach

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kuehnle
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Instrumental Variables Approach

scholarly journals Child health and schooling achievement in Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasheda Khanam
Keyword(s):  
Child Health ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Food Policy ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
School Enrolment ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Instrumental Variables Approach

Purpose – This paper aims to examine the impact of child health (measured by nutritional status) on schooling performance of Bangladeshi children. Design/methodology/approach – The data set used in this study comes from a survey titled “Micronutrient and Gender Study (MNGS) in Bangladesh”. The survey was administered by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). The author controls for the potential endogeneity of child health by an instrumental variables approach. The results indicate that the impact of child health on school achievement will be overestimated if endogeneity of child health is ignored. Findings – The results reveal that child health has significant effects on school enrolment and grade attainment, although it does not affect the current school attendance. The impact of child health is stronger for school enrolment compared to grade attainment. Originality/value – This study improves the understanding on the relationship between child health and schooling in several ways. First, the author controls for the potential endogeneity of child health by an instrumental variables approach. The chosen instrumental variables (i.e. heights of father and mother) are strong predictors of child health and satisfy the validity test. Second, this study examines the effects of child health on wide ranges of schooling measures: enrolment, attendance and attainment.

scholarly journals Association between maxillary lateral incisors' root volume and palatally displaced canines: An instrumental variables approach to the guidance theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Bertl ◽  
Andrea Foltin ◽  
Stefan Lettner ◽  
Katharina Giannis ◽  
André Gahleitner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Mixed Logit ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Variable Approach ◽  
Guidance Theory ◽  
Instrumental Variables Approach

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate association and causation between maxillary lateral incisors' (MxI2) apical root volume (ARV) and palatally displaced canines (PDC). Materials and Methods: In a retrospective cross-sectional study, computed tomography scans of 179 patients with unilateral PDC were analyzed. MxI2 root length and volume on the impaction and eruption side were measured. A mixed logit model was used to infer the association between ARV and PDC and an instrumental variables approach to interpret causality. Results: MxI2 root length on the impaction side was shorter in 42%, equal in 33% and longer in 25% of the patients. ARV amounted for 13.5% of total root volume on the impaction and 14.9% on the eruption side. Reduced ARV was significantly associated with the impaction side (P < .001). The causal effect of ARV on PDC in the instrumental variable approach amounted to less than half of the association in a standard noncausal approach. Conclusions: An association between PDC and reduced MxI2 root length and volume was confirmed. However, the lack of causality did not allow the researchers to draw a conclusion as to whether a reduced ARV is causing PDC or resulting from it; this should be considered in etiologic theories.

scholarly journals Negative Emotions, Income, and Welfare: Casual Estimates from the PSID

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Clingingsmith
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Average Percentage

I use instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of family income on the frequency with which individuals experience negative emotions. Doubling income reduces the experience of negative emotions by 0.26 SD on average. Percentage changes in income have a constant effect on negative emotion for family incomes below $80,000. Above $80,000, the effect of percentage changes declines, reaching zero at $200,000. A dollar change in family income has an eight times larger effect at the 20th percentile of income than the 80th percentile. Effects of income are similar on the high levels of negative emotion characteristic of mental illness, except there is no satiation.

scholarly journals Negative Emotions, Income, and Welfare: Causal Estimates from the PSID

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Clingingsmith
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Average Percentage

I use instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of family income on the frequency with which individuals experience negative emotions. Doubling income reduces the experience of negative emotions by 0.26 SD on average. Percentage changes in income have a constant effect on negative emotion for family incomes below $80,000. Above $80,000, the effect of percentage changes declines, reaching zero at $200,000. A dollar change in family income has an eight times larger effect at the 20th percentile of income than the 80th percentile. Effects of income are similar on the high levels of negative emotion characteristic of mental illness, except there is no satiation.

scholarly journals Postoperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and oncological outcomes of rectal cancer

BJS Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
O Grahn ◽  
M Lundin ◽  
M-L Lydrup ◽  
E Angenete ◽  
M Rutegård
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Cancer ◽  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Instrumental Variables ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Recurrence Free Survival ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Oncological Outcomes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Instrumental Variables Approach

Abstract Background Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to suppress the inflammatory response after surgery and are often used for pain control. This study aimed to investigate NSAID use after radical surgical resection for rectal cancer and long-term oncological outcomes. Methods A cohort of patients who underwent anterior resection for rectal cancer between 2007 and 2013 in 15 hospitals in Sweden was investigated retrospectively. Data were obtained from the Swedish Colorectal Cancer Registry and medical records; follow-up was undertaken until July 2019. Patients who received NSAID treatment for at least 2 days after surgery were compared with controls who did not, and the primary outcome was recurrence-free survival. Cox regression modelling with confounder adjustment, propensity score matching, and an instrumental variables approach were used; missing data were handled by multiple imputation. Results The cohort included 1341 patients, 362 (27.0 per cent) of whom received NSAIDs after operation. In analyses using conventional regression and propensity score matching, there was no significant association between postoperative NSAID use and recurrence-free survival (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.02, 0.79 to 1.33). The instrumental variables approach, including individual hospital as the instrumental variable and clinicopathological variables as co-variables, suggested a potential improvement in the NSAID group (HR 0.61, 0.38 to 0.99). Conclusion Conventional modelling did not demonstrate an association between postoperative NSAID use and recurrence-free survival in patients with rectal cancer, although an instrumental variables approach suggested a potential benefit.

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