Efecto del Estrés Social en Hombres y Mujeres Sobre la Activación de la Corteza Orbitofrontal Asociada a una Tarea de Reversión de Contingencias de Recompensa y Castigo (Social Stress Effects on Orbitofrontal Cortex Activation in Males and Females Related to a Reversal-Learning Task with Reward and Punishment Contingencies)

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Carolina Cárdenas Poveda ◽  
Mayerli Andrea Prado Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Reward And Punishment

scholarly journals Value-guided remapping of sensory circuits by lateral orbitofrontal cortex in reversal learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Banerjee ◽  
Giuseppe Parente ◽  
Jasper Teutsch ◽  
Christopher Lewis ◽  
Fabian F. Voigt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Light Sheet ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Light Sheet Microscopy ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Longitudinal Imaging

Flexible decision-making is crucial for adaptive behaviour. Such behaviour in mammals largely relies on the frontal cortex, and specifically, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). How OFC neurons encode decision variables and instruct sensory areas to guide adaptive behaviour is a key open question. Here we developed a reversal learning task for head-fixed mice together with two-photon calcium imaging to monitor the activity of lateral OFC neuronal populations and investigated their dynamic interaction with primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Mice trained on this task learned to discriminate go/no-go tactile stimuli and adapt their behaviour upon changes in stimulus–reward contingencies (‘rule-switch’). Longitudinal imaging at cellular resolution across weeks during all behavioural phases revealed a distinct engagement of S1 and lateral OFC neurons: S1 neural activity reflected task learning-related responses, while neurons in the lateral OFC saliently and transiently responded to the rule-switch. A subset of OFC neurons conveyed a value prediction error signal via feedback projections to S1, as direct anatomical long-range projections were revealed by retrograde tracing combined with whole-brain light-sheet microscopy. Top-down signals implemented an update of sensory representations and functionally reconfigured a small subpopulation of S1 neurons that were differentially modulated by reward-history. Functional remapping of these neurons crucially depended on top-down inputs, as chemogenetic silencing of lateral OFC neurons disrupted reversal learning and impaired plastic changes in these outcome-sensitive S1 neurons. Our results reveal the presence of long-range cortical interactions between cellular ensembles in higher and lower-order brain areas specifically recruited during context-dependent learning and task-switching. Such interactions crucially implement history-dependent reward-value computations and error heuristics, which, in turn, help guide adaptive behaviour.

scholarly journals Dissociable and Paradoxical Roles of Rat Medial and Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex in Visual Serial Reversal Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1016-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
M E Hervig ◽  
L Fiddian ◽  
L Piilgaard ◽  
T Božič ◽  
M Blanco-Pozo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Visual Discrimination Learning ◽  
Feedback Sensitivity ◽  
Heterogeneous Region ◽  
Improved Learning ◽  
Serial Reversal

ABSTRACT Much evidence suggests that reversal learning is mediated by cortico-striatal circuitries with the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) playing a prominent role. The OFC is a functionally heterogeneous region, but potential differential roles of lateral (lOFC) and medial (mOFC) portions in visual reversal learning have yet to be determined. We investigated the effects of pharmacological inactivation of mOFC and lOFC on a deterministic serial visual reversal learning task for rats. For reference, we also targeted other areas previously implicated in reversal learning: prelimbic (PrL) and infralimbic (IL) prefrontal cortex, and basolateral amygdala (BLA). Inactivating mOFC and lOFC produced opposite effects; lOFC impairing, and mOFC improving, performance in the early, perseverative phase specifically. Additionally, mOFC inactivation enhanced negative feedback sensitivity, while lOFC inactivation diminished feedback sensitivity in general. mOFC and lOFC inactivation also affected novel visual discrimination learning differently; lOFC inactivation paradoxically improved learning, and mOFC inactivation had no effect. We also observed dissociable roles of the OFC and the IL/PrL. Whereas the OFC inactivation affected only perseveration, IL/PrL inactivation improved learning overall. BLA inactivation did not affect perseveration, but improved the late phase of reversal learning. These results support opponent roles of the rodent mOFC and lOFC in deterministic visual reversal learning.

scholarly journals Discrimination reversal learning reveals greater female behavioural flexibility in guppies

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 20140206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato ◽  
Angelo Bisazza
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Behavioural Flexibility ◽  
Colour Discrimination ◽  
Reward Contingency ◽  
Previous Response ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
Males And Females

Behavioural flexibility allows an animal to adapt its behaviour in response to changes in the environment. Research conducted in primates, rodents and domestic fowl suggests greater behavioural persistence and reduced behavioural flexibility in males. We investigated sex differences in behavioural flexibility in fish by comparing male and female guppies ( Poecilia reticulata ) in a reversal learning task. Fish were first trained on a colour discrimination, which was learned equally rapidly by males and females. However, once the reward contingency was reversed, females were better at inhibiting the previous response and reached criterion twice as fast as males. When reward reversing was repeated, males gradually reduced the number of errors, and the two sexes had a comparable performance after four reversals. We suggest that sex differences in behavioural flexibility in guppies can be explained in terms of the different roles that males and females play in reproduction.

scholarly journals Reward and punishment reversal learning in major depressive disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahlia Mukherjee ◽  
Alexandre Leo Stephen Filipowicz ◽  
Khoi D. Vo ◽  
Theodore Sattherwaite ◽  
Joe Kable
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Learning Rates ◽  
Reward And Punishment

Depression has been associated with impaired reward and punishment processing, but the specific nature of these deficits is less understood and still widely debated. We analyzed reinforcement-based decision-making in individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) to identify the specific decision mechanisms contributing to poorer performance. Individuals with MDD (n = 64) and matched healthy controls (n = 64) performed a probabilistic reversal learning task in which they used feedback to identify which of two stimuli had the highest probability of reward (reward condition) or lowest probability of punishment (punishment condition). Learning differences were characterized using a hierarchical Bayesian reinforcement learning model. While both groups showed reinforcement learning-like behavior, depressed individuals made fewer optimal choices and adjusted more slowly to reversals in both the reward and punishment conditions. Our computational modeling analysis found that depressed individuals showed lower learning rates and, to a lesser extent, lower value sensitivity in both the reward and punishment conditions. Learning rates also predicted depression more accurately than simple performance metrics. These results demonstrate that depression is characterized by a hyposensitivity to positive outcomes, which influences the rate at which depressed individuals learn from feedback, but not a hypersensitivity to negative outcomes as has previously been suggested. Additionally, we demonstrate that computational modeling provides a more precise characterization of the dynamics contributing to these learning deficits, and offers stronger insights into the mechanistic processes affected by depression.

scholarly journals No sex differences in learning in wild bumblebees

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicity Muth ◽  
Amber D Tripodi ◽  
Rene Bonilla ◽  
James P Strange ◽  
Anne S Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Comparative Cognition ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Females and males often face different sources of selection, resulting in dimorphism in morphological, physiological, and even cognitive traits. Sex differences are often studied in respect to spatial cognition, yet the different ecological roles of males and females might shape cognition in multiple ways. For example, in dietary generalist bumblebees (Bombus), the ability to learn associations is critical to female workers, who face informationally rich foraging scenarios as they collect nectar and pollen from thousands of flowers over a period of weeks to months to feed the colony. While male bumblebees likely need to learn associations as well, they only forage for themselves while searching for potential mates. It is thus less clear whether foraging males would benefit from the same associative learning performance as foraging females. In this system, as in others, cognitive performance is typically studied in lab-reared animals under captive conditions, which may not be representative of patterns in the wild. In the first test of sex and species differences in cognition using wild bumblebees, we compared the performance of Bombus vancouverensis nearcticus (formerly bifarius) and Bombus vosnesenskii of both sexes on an associative learning task at Sierra Nevada (CA) field sites. Across both species, we found that males and females did not differ in their ability to learn, although males were slower to respond to the sucrose reward. These results offer the first evidence from natural populations that male bumblebees may be equally as able to learn associations as females, supporting findings from captive colonies of commercial bees. The observed interspecific variation in learning ability opens the door to using the Bombus system to test hypotheses about comparative cognition.

Environmental enrichment enhances cognitive flexibility in C57BL/6 mice on a touchscreen reversal learning task

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Zeleznikow-Johnston ◽  
Emma L. Burrows ◽  
Thibault Renoir ◽  
Anthony J. Hannan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Reversal Learning ◽  
Environmental Enrichment ◽  
Learning Task
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