The Impact of Balanced Skills, Working Time Allocation and Peer Effects on the Entrepreneurial Intentions of Scientists

Abstract Between the months of February and April of 2020, average weekly market hours in the U.S. dropped by 6.25, meanwhile 36% of workers reported switching to remote work arrangements. In this paper, we examine implications of these changes for the time allocation of different households, and on aggregate. We estimate that home production activity increased by 2.65 h a week, or 42.4% of lost market hours, due to the drop in market work and rise in remote work. The monthly value of home production increased by $39.65 billion – that is 13.55% of the concurrent $292.61 billion drop in monthly GDP. Although market hours declined the most for single, less educated individuals, the lost market hours were absorbed into home production the most by married individuals with children. Adding on the impact of school closures, our estimate of weekly home production hours increases by as much as 4.92 h. The increase in the value of monthly home production between February and April updates to $73.57 billion. We also report the estimated impact of labor markets and telecommuting on home production for each month in 2020.

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A Simulation Model of Construction Projects Executed in Random Conditions with the Overlapping Construction Works

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13115795 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 5795

Author(s):

Sławomir Biruk ◽

Łukasz Rzepecki

Keyword(s):

Simulation Model ◽

Technological Process ◽

Construction Projects ◽

Working Time ◽

Simulation Studies ◽

Construction Methods ◽

The Impact ◽

Construction Works

Reducing the duration of construction works requires additional organizational measures, such as selecting construction methods that assure a shorter realization time, engaging additional resources, working overtime, or allowing construction works to be performed simultaneously in the same working units. The simultaneous work of crews may affect the quality of works and the efficiency of construction processes. This article presents a simulation model aimed at assessing the impact of the overlap period on the extension of the working time of the crews and the reduction of a repetitive project’s duration in random conditions. The purpose of simulation studies is to provide construction managers with guidelines when deciding on the dates of starting the sequential technological process lines realized by specialized working crews, for sustainable scheduling and organization of construction projects.

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Promoting Female Entrepreneurship: The Impact of Gender Gap Beliefs and Perceptions

SAGE Open ◽

10.1177/21582440211018468 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 215824402110184

Author(s):

Camelia Ilie ◽

Abel Monfort ◽

Gaston Fornes ◽

Guillermo Cardoza

Keyword(s):

Gender Gap ◽

Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽

Public Institutions ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽

Cultural Barriers ◽

Female Entrepreneurship ◽

Spanish Women ◽

The Impact

Perceptions and institutional frameworks can be barriers or facilitators to the development of female entrepreneurship policies. Institutions rely on factual data on the gender gap to evaluate their policies. However, the literature shows that the research and institutions should also analyze the impact of social beliefs on the success of these policies and initiatives. This study focuses on the impact of these perceptions in promoting female entrepreneurship. Data were collected from 287 responses to a questionnaire from Spanish women and men and were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis. The results show that the perception of lack of equality increases the gender gap even if there are specific and effective policies in a society that attempt to eliminate the gender gap in terms of the role of women in the home or positions of power. The main result is that these perceptions ultimately affect women’s entrepreneurial intentions. The results have policy implications for companies and public institutions willing to change the gender narrative about entrepreneurship and design policies and initiatives that help women overcome cultural barriers and effectively promote female entrepreneurship.

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The impact of stereotyped perceptions of entrepreneurship and gender-role orientation on Slovak women’s entrepreneurial intentions

Gender in Management An International Journal ◽

10.1108/gm-06-2020-0179 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Magdalena Adamus ◽

Vladimíra Čavojová ◽

Jakub Šrol

Keyword(s):

Gender Role ◽

Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽

Role Orientation ◽

Gender Role Orientation ◽

Content Type ◽

Biological Sex ◽

Working Age ◽

Successful Entrepreneurs ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

Purpose This study aims to investigate how congruence between the image of a successful entrepreneur and one’s own gender-role orientation affects entrepreneurial intentions (EI). Design/methodology/approach A total of 552 working-age adults (49.5% women) answered questions on gender-role orientation, perception of a successful entrepreneur, EI, antecedents of EI (perceived behavioural control (PBC), subjective norm (SN), attitude towards entrepreneurship), entrepreneurial self-efficacy and risk aversion. Findings Women reported a lower EI than men, and both male and female participants perceived successful entrepreneurs as masculine. In the final model, biological sex did not predict EIs. Rather, it was associated with the extent to which participants felt they resembled successful entrepreneurs, which, in turn, predicted greater levels of PBC, SNs and attitudes towards entrepreneurship, as well as greater EI. Originality/value The study is one of the first to study joint impacts of biological sex, gender and congruence on EIs.

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Determinants of Students’ Entrepreneurial Intentions: Evidence from Moroccan University

International Business Research ◽

10.5539/ibr.v9n11p83 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Mustapha Bachiri

Keyword(s):

Student Behavior ◽

Training Programs ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Entrepreneurship Education ◽

Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽

Social Phenomenon ◽

Education Programs ◽

Entrepreneurial Skills ◽

The University ◽

The Impact

<p>In recent decades, entrepreneurship has become a major economic and social phenomenon, a subject of research and a new field of education. While entrepreneurship is not a new concept, it regained importance particularly in scientific research. Entrepreneurship is seen as a vector for innovation and economic efficiency but also as a powerful job creator. Along with the evolution of entrepreneurship, there is a growing interest in the development of training programs to encourage entrepreneurship in universities. The challenge remains to find a consensus on the content to be taught and the type of learning to guide student behavior. Several empirical studies indicate that education can foster entrepreneurship. Yet the impact of entrepreneurship education programs on entrepreneurial skills and entrepreneurial values remains largely unexplored.</p><p>In this study, we used the theory of planned behavior to assess the impact of entrepreneurship education programs on entrepreneurial intentions in Moroccan universities, particularly the University of Rabat (Mohammed V University).</p>

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Peer effects in college: how peers' performance can influence students' academic outcomes

10.31235/osf.io/7n6ks ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Laeticia R. de Souza ◽

Cristine Campos de Xavier Pinto ◽

Bernardo L Queiroz ◽

Dimitri de Oliveira e Silva

Keyword(s):

Peer Effects ◽

Academic Outcomes ◽

Female Students ◽

Male Students ◽

Dropping Out ◽

Admission Process ◽

Self Selection ◽

The Impact ◽

High Ability Students ◽

Identification Strategy

This paper investigates the existence of peer effects in academic outcomes by exploringspecificities in the student's admission process of a Brazilian federal university, which works as a naturalexperiment. Individuals who are comparable in terms of previous academic achievement end up havingclassmates with better or worse performance in college because of the assignment rule of students toclassrooms. Thus, our identification strategy for estimating peer effects on academic outcomes eliminates theendogenous self-selection into groups that would otherwise undermine the causal inference of peer effects.Overall, our findings showed that joining a class with high-ability students damages academic achievementsof the lowest-ability students at UFMG. Although male and female students are both negatively affected bybeing in the first (better) class, we found gender differences. Specifically, being at the bottom of the betterclass make females take less radical decisions compared to male students in the sense that female studentscontinue to study even though with lower performance (reduced GPA and credits earned) while male studentsseem to be more prone towards dropping out (increased number of subjects – or even University registration– cancelled and reduced attendance in classroom). We have also found other heterogeneities in peer effectsin college in terms of class shift, period of admission, area of study and parents’ education. This study is anecessary step before investigating the impact of peer quality on after-graduating decisions using the samenatural experiment. This will allow us to deepen our understanding of how peer effects can also have long-lasting impacts.

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Gender Asymmetry of Entrepreneurial Intentions of Students in Russia and China

Journal of Applied Economic Research ◽

10.15826/vestnik.2021.20.1.006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 133-147

Author(s):

Ullah Abid ◽

Keyword(s):

Vital Role ◽

Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽

Correlation Technique ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Male And Female ◽

Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽

Excess Number ◽

Gender Based ◽

The Unemployed ◽

The Impact

Entrepreneurship is now considered to be an urgent solution for handling large pools of young graduates around the world. These crucial situations where universities are creating an excess number of graduates as compared to jobs availability increase the pressure on graduates as well as policy makers and educators. Entrepreneurship in this case does not only handle the burden of the unemployed among the youth but also positively improves the economic development of the country’s economy. In becoming entrepreneurs, graduates do not only create jobs for themselves but for other as well and play a vital role in the development of the economy. This paper explains gender-based entrepreneurship intentions amongst students of Russia and China (3 universities in China, 3 in Russia). A questionnaire was developed to find the impact of different behavior factors on male and female students of Russia and China. In terms of methodology, the quantitative technique was used to collect the data. The entrepreneurial spirit is explained after analyzing the data from three universities in each country. The six universities numbering 468 student respondents were analyzed through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. To find out the association amongst different variables, multiple regression and correlation technique were used. The results also show an association of gender with entrepreneurship in students in both countries. However, in case of Russia male respondents showed higher intention than female respondents. To maintain the same role of male and female members in the society, development suggestions for educators and policy makers are presented.

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