Response to Ashraf and Galor 'The Out of Africa Hypothesis, Human Genetic Diversity and Comparative Economic Development'

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jade d'Alpoim Guedes ◽  
David Reich ◽  
Michael Herzfeld ◽  
Nick Patterson ◽  
Theodore Bestor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Out Of Africa

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and the Origins of Cultural Fragmentation

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 528-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quamrul Ashraf ◽  
Oded Galor
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Uneven Distribution ◽  
Comparative Development ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
The Stability

The origin of the uneven distribution of ethnic and cultural fragmentation across countries has been underexplored, despite the importance attributed to the effects of diversity on the stability and prosperity of nations. Building on the role of deeply-rooted biogeographical forces in comparative development, this research empirically demonstrates that genetic diversity, predominantly determined during the prehistoric “out of Africa” migration of humans, is an underlying cause of various existing manifestations of ethnolinguistic heterogeneity. Further research may revolutionize our understanding of how economic development and the composition of human capital across the globe are affected by these deeply-rooted factors.

scholarly journals The “Out of Africa” Hypothesis, Human Genetic Diversity, and Comparative Economic Development

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quamrul Ashraf ◽  
Oded Galor
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Native American ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
African Populations ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
High Diversity

This research advances and empirically establishes the hypothesis that, in the course of the prehistoric exodus of Homo sapiens out of Africa, variation in migratory distance to various settlements across the globe affected genetic diversity and has had a persistent hump-shaped effect on comparative economic development, reflecting the trade-off between the beneficial and the detrimental effects of diversity on productivity. While the low diversity of Native American populations and the high diversity of African populations have been detrimental for the development of these regions, the intermediate levels of diversity associated with European and Asian populations have been conducive for development. (JEL N10, N30, N50, O10, O50, Z10)

8. Arctic futures

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Klaus Dodds ◽  
Jamie Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Arctic Amplification ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
Governance Model

‘Arctic futures’ discusses the future of the Arctic that starts in the Norwegian territory of Svalbard wherein the Global Seed Vault functions as an Arctic sanctuary for the genetic diversity of crops. The Svalbard archipelago is a hotspot of Arctic amplification as rapid warming has been keenly felt by the small community. However, the environmental changes, no matter how stark and widespread, will not dampen interest in economic development and strategic posturing. Arctic states and northern peoples remain eager to improve their social and economic conditions as well as adapt to ongoing climate change. The Arctic is a haven of international peace and cooperation as the Arctic Council is cited as a governance model that others could emulate.

scholarly journals The Macrogenoeconomics of Comparative Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 1119-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quamrul H. Ashraf ◽  
Oded Galor
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Comparative Development ◽  
Neolithic Revolution ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
Out Of Africa

The importance of evolutionary forces for comparative economic performance across societies has been the focus of a vibrant literature, highlighting the roles played by the Neolithic Revolution as well as the prehistoric “out of Africa” migration of anatomically modern humans in generating worldwide variations in the composition of human traits. This essay provides an overview of the literature on the macrogenoeconomics of comparative development, underscoring the significance of evolutionary processes and human population diversity in generating differential paths of economic development across societies. Furthermore, it examines the contribution of Nicholas Wade’s recent hypothesis, regarding the evolutionary origins of comparative development, to this important line of research. ( JEL N10, N30, O11, Z10)

scholarly journals Population genetic diversity in an Iraqi population and gene flow across the Arabian Peninsula

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayder Lazim ◽  
Eida Khalaf Almohammed ◽  
Sibte Hadi ◽  
Judith Smith
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Arab Population ◽  
Str Analysis ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Y-STRs have emerged as important forensic and population genetic markers for human identification and population differentiation studies. Therefore, population databases for these markers have been developed for almost all major populations around the world. The Iraqi population encompasses several ethnic groups that need to be genetically characterised and evaluated for possible substructures. Previous studies on the Iraqi population based on Y-STR markers were limited by a restricted number of markers. A larger database for Iraqi Arab population needed to be developed to help study and compare the population with other Middle Eastern populations. Twenty-three Y-STR loci included in the PowerPlex Y23 (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) were typed in 254 males from the Iraqi Arab population. Global and regional Y-STR analysis demonstrated regional genetic continuity among the populations of Iraq, the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East. The Iraqi Arab haplotypes were used to allocate samples to their most likely haplogroups using Athey’s Haplogroup Predictor tool. Prediction indicated predominance (36.6%) of haplogroup J1 in Iraqi Arabs. The migration rate between other populations and the Iraqis was inferred using coalescence theory in the Migrate-n program. Y-STR data were used to test different out-of-Africa migration models as well as more recent migrations within the Arabian Peninsula. The migration models demonstrated that gene flow to Iraq began from East Africa, with the Levantine corridor the most probable passageway out of Africa. The data presented here will enrich our understanding of genetic diversity in the region and introduce a PowerPlex Y23 database to the forensic community.

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