The Equilibrium Price of Total Risk, A Market Indifference Curve

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Dayala
Keyword(s):  
Indifference Curve ◽  
Equilibrium Price ◽  
Total Risk

Economics and efficiency

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Abel Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Indifference Curve ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Consumer Theory ◽  
Important Concept ◽  
Know How ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Standard Production

This chapter, the longest in the book, explains the fundamentals of microeconomics and its application to the analysis of health and healthcare. The concepts of scarcity and opportunity costs lie at the heart of the economics discipline. Based on the standard production function with two input factors, the important concept of cost-efficiency is explained; and based on the premise of scarcity in the availability of input factors, the concept of opportunity costs is explained. An important insight from consumer theory is that people make trade-offs. Their preferences and income determine their chosen combination of goods, as illustrated by an indifference curve. An important piece of information for policymakers attempting to intervene in people’s demand for healthy, and unhealthy, goods is to know how sensitive demand is to changing prices and income. The chapter explains and defines elasticities of demand.

scholarly journals Early and Late Postoperative Seizures in Meningioma Patients and Prediction by a Recent Scoring System

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 450
Author(s):  
Peter Baumgarten ◽  
Mana Sarlak ◽  
Daniel Monden ◽  
Andrea Spyrantis ◽  
Simon Bernatz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Tumor Volume ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Temporal Location ◽  
Meningioma Surgery ◽  
Impaired Quality

Seizures are among the most common symptoms of meningioma. This retrospective study sought to identify risk factors for early and late seizures in meningioma patients and to evaluate a modified STAMPE2 score. In 556 patients who underwent meningioma surgery, we correlated different risk factors with the occurrence of postoperative seizures. A modified STAMPE2 score was applied. Risk factors for preoperative seizures were edema (p = 0.039) and temporal location (p = 0.038). For postoperative seizures preoperative tumor size (p < 0.001), sensomotory deficit (p = 0.004) and sphenoid wing location (p = 0.032) were independent risk factors. In terms of postoperative status epilepticus; sphenoid wing location (p = 0.022), tumor volume (p = 0.045) and preoperative seizures (p < 0.001) were independent risk factors. Postoperative seizures lead to a KPS deterioration and thus an impaired quality of life (p < 0.001). Late seizures occurred in 43% of patients with postoperative seizures. The small sub-cohort of patients (2.7%) with a STAMPE2 score of more than six points had a significantly increased risk for seizures (p < 0.001, total risk 70%). We concluded that besides distinct risk factors, high scores of the modified STAMPE2 score could estimate the risk of postoperative seizures. However, it seems not transferable to our cohort

scholarly journals Influence of Coronal Preflaring on the Accuracy of Electronic Working Length Determination: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2760
Author(s):  
María León-López ◽  
Daniel Cabanillas-Balsera ◽  
Victoria Areal-Quecuty ◽  
Jenifer Martín-González ◽  
María C. Jiménez-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Science Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Human Teeth ◽  
Working Length ◽  
Meta Analyses

Aim. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the following PICO question: in extracted human permanent teeth, does preflaring, compared with unflared canals, influence the accuracy of WL determination with EAL? Material and Methods. A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA checklist, using the following databases: PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies related to WL determination using EAL both in preflared and unflared root canals of extracted human teeth were included. The outcome of interest was the accuracy of the electronic WL determination. A quality assessment of the included studies was performed, determining the risk of bias. The meta-analyses were calculated with the 5.4 RevMan software using the inverse variance method with random effects. PROSPERO registration: CRD42021243412. Results. Ten experimental studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and most of them found that preflaring increases the accuracy of the EALs in WL determination. The calculated OR was 1.98 (95% CI = 1.65–2.37; p < 0.00001; I2 = 10%), indicating that the determination of WL by EALs is almost twice as accurate in preflared canals. The accuracy of Root ZX in WL determination increases more than three times (OR = 3.25; p < 0.00001). Preflaring with Protaper files significantly increases the accuracy of EALs (OR = 1.76; p < 0.00001). The total risk of bias of the included studies was low. No obvious publication bias was observed. Conclusions. The results indicate a significant increase in the accuracy of WL determination with EAL after preflaring, doubling the percentage of exact measurements. Preflaring should be recommended as an important step during mechanical enlargement of the root canal, not only because it improves the access of the files to the canal, but also because it allows one to obtain more accurate electronic determinations of WL.

scholarly journals Risk and the Market’s Reaction to M&A Announcements

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 334
Author(s):  
Ye Cai ◽  
Hersh Shefrin
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Large Firms ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Basis Point ◽  
Acquiring Firms ◽  
Risk Sensitive ◽  
Point Increase

We estimate how an acquiring firm’s risk changes depending on whether the market initially judges the acquisition to be neutral, strongly negative, or strongly positive for the shareholders of the acquiring firm. We found that for an average neutral acquisition, the annualized standard deviation of an acquiring firm’s total return declines by 5%. In contrast, acquisitions judged negatively by the market result in a 5% increase in total risk, while acquisitions judged positively by the market feature a 30-basis-point increase in total risk. We found the median acquisition to be value creating, not value destructive. Value destruction tends to be concentrated among large firms and to be associated with extreme negative outliers. Acquiring firms with longholder CEOs are more prone to undertake acquisitions and more prone to take on risk, but are less prone to engage in value-destructive acquisitions than acquiring firms with non-longholder CEOs. In this respect, acquiring firms with non-longholder CEOs are more apt to undertake risky bad acquisitions, especially when their prior returns lie above the industry average. In addition, acquiring firms with non-longholder CEOs are less prone to take on good acquisitions that are high in risk. As a general matter, firms with longholder CEOs are less risk sensitive to changes in prior returns than firms with non-longholder CEOs.

An equilibrium price model of spot and forward shipping freight markets

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichiro Tezuka ◽  
Masahiro Ishii ◽  
Motokazu Ishizaka
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium Price ◽  
Price Model

DEFINING THE RISK OF RETREATMENT FOR ANEURYSM RECURRENCE OR RESIDUAL AFTER INITIAL TREATMENT BY ENDOVASCULAR COILING

Neurosurgery ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Ringer ◽  
Rafael Rodriguez-Mercado ◽  
Erol Veznedaroglu ◽  
Elad I. Levy ◽  
Ricardo A. Hanel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Aneurysms ◽  
Surgical Repair ◽  
The United States ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Endovascular Coiling ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Clinical Recurrence ◽  
Choice Of Treatment ◽  
Procedural Complications

Abstract OBJECTIVE Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms is less invasive than surgical repair but poses a higher risk for aneurysm recurrence, which may necessitate retreatment, thus adding to the long-term risk. Cerebrovascular neurosurgeons from 8 institutions in the United States and Puerto Rico collaborated to assess the risk of retreatment for residual or recurrent aneurysms after the initial endovascular coiling. METHODS Data were prospectively recorded for 311 patients with coiled intracranial aneurysms who underwent 352 retreatment procedures after angiographic or clinical recurrence (hemorrhage after initial coiling). Results analyzed included procedural complications and procedure-related morbidity. Morbidity was classified as major (modified Rankin scale score &gt; 3) or minor, and temporary (&lt;30 days) or permanent (&gt;30 days). RESULTS Retreatment mortality was 0.85% per procedure and 0.96% per patient. Treatment-related rates were 0.32% per patient (0.28% per procedure) for permanent or temporary major disability; 1.29% for permanent minor disability (1.14% per procedure); and 1.61% for temporary minor disability (1.42% per procedure). Total risk for death or permanent major disability was 1.28% per patient and 1.13% per procedure. CONCLUSION Retreatment poses a low risk for patients with recurrences of intracranial aneurysms after initial coiling; this risk is smaller than that posed by the initial endovascular therapy. The risk of disability associated with retreatment for aneurysm recurrence after coiling must be considered prospectively in the choice of treatment but with the recognition that its effects are low in the overall management risk.

The Human Reliability Analysis in Fire PSA Using Spar-H Method

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Human Reliability ◽  
Human Reliability Analysis ◽  
Study Results ◽  
In Fire

According to existing research results, fire risk makes a significant contribution to the total risk of a nuclear power plant (NPP). So fire probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) for NPPs is becoming more and more important in recent years. How to perform human reliability analysis (HRA) which is an essential part of PSA is therefore being paid more and more attention in fire PSA. This paper describes the characteristics and special considerations of HRA in fire PSA, and demonstrates in fire PSA how to use SPAR-H method which is so-called an advanced second-generation HRA method and is being widely used in PSA for Chinese NPPs. The study results can be a reference for other HRA analysts to use SPAR-H method in fire PSA models or other PSA models in Chinese NPPs or the world-wide nuclear industry.

Application of Analytical Hierarchy Process to Risk Analysis of Port Construction Project

2012 ◽  
Vol 170-173 ◽  
pp. 2292-2297
Author(s):  
Jiao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Analytical Hierarchy Process ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Construction Project ◽  
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Port Construction

The application of analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to the risk analysis of port construction project was investigated. Firstly, the happening probabilities of various risk factors during port construction were calculated. Secondly, the aftereffects of the risks were concluded by consulting the experts. Thirdly, the weight of each risk factor was obtained by AHP. Finally, the total risk of port construction project could be evaluated by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. This risk analysis method was applied to evaluate the total risk of a real port construction project, and the exemplification verified its feasibility.

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