Sharing Longevity Risk: Why Governments Should Issue Longevity Bonds

Longevity risk management for life and variable annuities: The effectiveness of static hedging using longevity bonds and derivatives

Insurance Mathematics and Economics ◽

10.1016/j.insmatheco.2011.02.009 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 49 (1) ◽

pp. 100-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

Andrew Ngai ◽

Michael Sherris

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Longevity Risk ◽

Variable Annuities ◽

Static Hedging ◽

Longevity Bonds

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Pricing of Longevity Derivatives and Cost of Capital

Risks ◽

10.3390/risks7020041 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Fadoua Zeddouk ◽

Pierre Devolder

Keyword(s):

Financial Markets ◽

Time Horizon ◽

Cost Of Capital ◽

Solvency Ii ◽

Longevity Risk ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Academic Researchers ◽

Belgian Population ◽

One Year ◽

Longevity Bonds

Annuities providers become more and more exposed to longevity risk due to the increase in life expectancy. To hedge this risk, new longevity derivatives have been proposed (longevity bonds, q-forwards, S-swaps…). Although academic researchers, policy makers and practitioners have talked about it for years, longevity-linked securities are not widely traded in financial markets, due in particular to the pricing difficulty. In this paper, we compare different existing pricing methods and propose a Cost of Capital approach. Our method is designed to be more consistent with Solvency II requirement (longevity risk assessment is based on a one year time horizon). The price of longevity risk is determined for a S-forward and a S-swap but can be used to price other longevity-linked securities. We also compare this Cost of capital method with some classical pricing approaches. The Hull and White and CIR extended models are used to represent the evolution of mortality over time. We use data for Belgian population to derive prices for the proposed longevity linked securities based on the different methods.

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Living with Mortality: Longevity Bonds and Other Mortality-Linked Securities

British Actuarial Journal ◽

10.1017/s1357321700004736 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 153-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 172

Author(s):

D. Blake ◽

A. J. G. Cairns ◽

K. Dowd

Keyword(s):

Detailed Analysis ◽

Pension Plans ◽

Longevity Risk ◽

Over The Counter ◽

New Class ◽

Credit Risks ◽

Longevity Bonds ◽

The Universe ◽

Over Time ◽

The Way

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the problem of longevity risk — the risk of uncertain aggregate mortality — and discusses the ways in which life assurers, annuity providers and pension plans can manage their exposure to this risk. In particular, it focuses on how they can use mortality-linked securities and over-the-counter contracts — some existing and others still hypothetical — to manage their longevity risk exposures. It provides a detailed analysis of two such securities — the Swiss Re mortality bond issued in December 2003 and the EIB/BNP longevity bond announced in November 2004. It then looks at the universe of hypothetical mortality-linked securities — other forms of longevity bonds, swaps, futures and options — and investigates their potential uses. It also addresses implementation issues, and draws lessons from the experiences of other derivative contracts. Particular attention is paid to the issues involved with the construction and use of mortality indices, the management of the associated credit risks, and possible barriers to the development of markets for these securities. It suggests that these implementation difficulties are essentially teething problems that will be resolved over time, and so leave the way open to the development of flourishing markets in a brand new class of securities.

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