Individual Portfolio Choice When Getting Sick: The Role of Insurance Coverage

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maude Toussaint-Comeau ◽  
Jonathan Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Portfolio Choice ◽  
Insurance Coverage

The role of ex ante regulations in addressing problems of moral hazard in agricultural insurance

2002 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calum G. Turvey ◽  
Michael Hoy ◽  
Zahirul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Agricultural Insurance ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Input Use ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Input Level

We develop a theoretical model of input use by agricultural producers who purchase crop insurance, and thus may engage in moral hazard. Through simulations, our findings show a combination of partial insurance coverage and partial monitoring of inputs may reduce substantially the problems associated with moral hazard. The minimum level of input use that must be required by regulation is determined to be substantially lower than the optimal or actual input level chosen by producers. Because the use of inputs for crop production occurs in many stages over the pre‐planting, planting, and growing seasons, only a minimal input requirement is needed. Thus, the cost of implementing such a regulation can be kept much lower than would be the case for a regulation of complete monitoring of input usage.

scholarly journals Trends over 15 years in ART in Europe: an analysis of 6 million cycles†

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.P. Ferraretti ◽  
K. Nygren ◽  
A. Nyboe Andersen ◽  
J. de Mouzon ◽  
M. Kupka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
Human Reproduction ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
European Data ◽  
Retrospective Data Analysis ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Competing Interest

Abstract Study question Was the European IVF Monitoring (EIM) Consortium, established in 1999 by ESHRE, able to monitor the trend over time of ART in Europe? Summary answer The initial aims of the EIM programme (to collect and publish regional European data on census and trends on ART utilization, effectiveness, safety and quality) have been achieved. What is already known ART data in Europe have been collected and reported annually in Human Reproduction. Study design, size, duration A retrospective data analysis and summary of the first 15 years of ART activity in Europe (1997–2011) was carried out, using the key figures from the annual ESHRE reports and focusing on how the practice of ART has evolved over the years. Participants/materials, setting, method A total of 5 919 320 ART cycles are reported, including IVF, ICSI, frozen embryo relacment and egg donation, resulting in the birth of more than 1 million infants. A total of 1 548 967 IUIs are also reported, including husband/partner’s semen and donor semen cycles. The most relevant and complete data are analysed and discussed. Main results and the role of chance With some fluctuations, the number of countries and clinics reporting to EIM increases significantly from 1997 to 2011. A constant increase was also registered in the number of annual cycles reported. Since 2005, the estimation of the EIM coverage on the total European activity was >80%. In countries with 100% of coverage, the mean availability of ART increased from 765 cycles per million inhabitants in 1997 to 1269 cycles per million inhabitants in 2011, and the proportion of ART infants of the total number of infants born in the country increased from 1.3% to 2.4%. The proportion of women aged > 39 years undergoing IVF and ICSI cycles gradually increased. For 12 consecutive years, the proportion of ICSI versus IVF cycles showed a marked increase before reaching a plateau from 2008. The proportion of transfers with three or more embryos decreased constantly and the proportion of SETs increased over the time period. The triplets deliveries were reduced from 3.7% in 1997 to less than 1% since 2005 (0.6% in 2011). The effectiveness (evaluated as clinical pregnancy rate per aspiration and per embryo transfer) increased until 2007, then the figure remained stable. The cumulative percentage of documented pregnancy losses was 17%. No differences have been noted in terms of outcomes in the IUI cycles. Limitations, reasons for caution The data presented are accumulated from countries with different collection systems, regulations, insurance coverage and different practices. Each year a number of countries have been unable to provide some of the data. Wider implications of the finding(s) The first summary of 15 years of the EIM reports offers interesting data on census and trends on ART utilization, safety and quality in Europe. The primary aim of the ESHRE effort in supporting European data collection has been reached. Owing to its importance inside and outside the professional community, European data collection and publication on ART have to be supported and implemented. Study funding/competing interest(s) None.

The Role of Value for Money in Public Insurance Coverage Decisions for Drugs in Australia: A Retrospective Analysis 1994-2004

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 713-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H. Harris ◽  
Suzanne R. Hill ◽  
Geoffrey Chin ◽  
Jing Jing Li ◽  
Emily Walkom
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Value For Money ◽  
Public Insurance
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document