Supply-Based Dynamic Ramsey Pricing with Two Sectors: Avoiding Water Shortages

The majority of the South African rural populace is directly or indirectly engaged in agricultural practices to earn a livelihood. However, impediments such as climate change, water shortages, and inadequacy of institutional support have undermined these once thriving subsistence farming communities. Furthermore, poor leadership in hydrology, coupled with a lack of depth in skills at all government levels to facilitate the understanding of the importance of groundwater, has made it near impossible for subsistence farmers to benefit optimally from groundwater. The 2012 drought experienced in South Africa paralysed several subsistence farming communities in KwaZulu-Natal. To revamp subsistence farming and assist these farmers across South Africa, the Department of Water and Sanitation launched interventions, but despite the enormous resources expended, indicators (e.g. unsustainable farming practices, poor crop yield, pitiable living conditions, and poor standards of living) provide evidence that these interventions have not yielded the desired results. This paper seeks to suggest practicable interventions aimed at reducing the vulnerability of subsistence farmers in KwaZulu-Natal. The study pursued a qualitative approach in that it solicited the views of experts on groundwater and in related fields to gain an in-depth perspective. Some of the core challenges undermining the sustainability and growth of subsistence farming in the study area were found to be the inadequacy of experts on groundwater, water shortages, institutional deficiencies, lack of political will, and lack of coordination among stakeholders. Pragmatic recommendations are made to address these challenges, among other things to encourage a South African-Chinese partnership in the hydrology sector.

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On Capital Allocation And The Real Cost Of Labour (Notes & Comments)

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v10i4pp.491-499 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 491-499

Author(s):

F. E. Banks

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Sector ◽

Wage Differential ◽

Industrial Sector ◽

Capital Allocation ◽

Marginal Product ◽

Developing Economy ◽

Real Cost ◽

The Difference ◽

Industrial Wage ◽

Two Sectors

This note is an extension of several contributions to the problem of re¬source allocation in a developing economy. In separate papers, I.M.D. Little and F. Seton* have introduced a model in which labour in a developing economy cannot be shifted from the subsistence to the industrial sector at zero opportunity cost, even though this labour displays zero marginal product in its 'traditional' occupations; and in what follows this problem will be attacked via a diagramma¬tic analysis. A short appendix will treat a side issue of the topic. As Little presented the model, there was an initial amount of capital K to be divided between two sectors, the I (industrial) sector, and the C (subsistence, traditional, or agricultural) sector. In the C-sector, there is excess labour or dis¬guised unemployment, in the sense of Professor W. A. Lewis2, in that the marginal product of labour in this sector is taken as equal to zero. As it happens, however, this labour cannot be moved to the I-Sector without an increase in production in the C-sector. The reason for this is because as labour is transferred to the industrial sector, consumption per head increases in the C-sector, thus decreasing the surplus available for workers being transferred to the I-sector. The transfer can only be carried out if a surplus equal to the difference between the industrial wage in C-goods and the amount of C-goods 'released' by the C-sector is forth¬coming, and for this an increased production of C-goods (via the input of capital into the C-sector) must take place. A similar situation would exist if transferring workers required a wage differential; or if C-goods had to be exported to obtain certain types of capital goods for the labour being reallocated, and/or housing, training, etc.

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A 2050 Vision for Colorado's water supply future

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2012.095 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

Author(s):

N. Rowan ◽

E. Hecox ◽

S. Morea

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Water Conservation ◽

Colorado River ◽

Economic Recession ◽

The State ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Water Shortages ◽

Water Projects ◽

Demand And Supply ◽

Local Water

The last decade has brought many changes to Colorado's water supply outlook. Despite the recent economic recession, the state has experienced significant population growth, and Colorado's population is expected to nearly double within the next 40 years. Other pressures on Colorado's water supply include severe drought, a desire to meet multiple needs (i.e., municipal, environmental, recreational) with existing resources, and impacts to agriculture due to water shortages, urbanization, and transfers to new users. To address these challenges, the Colorado Water Conservation Board (CWCB) has undertaken a visioning process to explore solutions to these future water supply challenges. As part of this process, CWCB has led the state in identifying demand and supply strategies to meet the state's future water needs while considering agriculture and the environment. These strategies have been combined into varying portfolios that include methods such as conservation, local water projects, new Colorado River development, and agricultural transfers. This paper details the development and evaluation of these portfolios and describes stakeholder's efforts to balance meeting Colorado's water needs in the future.

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Perspective of Water Resources in Japan and in the World

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1991.0396 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 23 (1-3) ◽

pp. 11-18

Author(s):

Tamon Ishibashi

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Water Resources ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Water Shortages ◽

The World

Recently, problems of water shortage are becoming global in both developed and developing countries. This is due to tremendous population increases and also urbanization and industrialization. In this paper, countermeasures for future water shortages are described.

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Sustainability of Water Supplies in Provincial Egypt

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1993.0177 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 27 (9) ◽

pp. 47-53 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. F. Nicholson

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Central Government ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Waterborne Diseases ◽

Safe Drinking Water ◽

Rapid Population Growth ◽

Water Shortages ◽

Water Supplies ◽

Piped Water ◽

Supply Systems

Life, health and hygiene all depend on access to a plentiful supply of safe drinking water. Piped water supplies in rural Egypt are insufficient to meet the demands of the existing population. This situation is worsening due to the rapid population growth and failure of existing water supply systems. There are already areas of the country with severe piped water shortages. If corrective action is not taken soon densely populated villages will become vulnerable to outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Immediate action is needed to reverse the deterioration of water supply systems and to improve the benefits gained from capital works investments in the sector. This paper promotes the concept that sustainable water systems in rural Egypt depends on a central government and local unit partnership. Also needed are consumer bodies to determine user needs; local units to be given powers to manage the revenue and expenditure accounts; and the central government to concentrate on setting policies and guidelines, and assisting with the implementation of major capital works.

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Treated Wastewater Irrigation—A Review

Water ◽

10.3390/w13111527 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1527

Author(s):

Mahmoud S. Hashem ◽

Xue-Bin Qi

Keyword(s):

Water Resources ◽

Literature Review ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Water Shortages ◽

Water Resource Utilization ◽

Extension Program ◽

Agricultural Demand

As the most important resource for life, water has been a central issue on the international agenda for several decades. Yet, the world’s supply of clean freshwater is steadily decreasing due to extensive agricultural demand for irrigated lands. Therefore, water resources should be used with greater efficiency, and the use of non-traditional water resources, such as Treated Wastewater (TW), should be increased. Reusing TW could be an alternative option to increase water resources. Thus, many countries have decided to turn wastewater into an irrigation resource to help meet urban demand and address water shortages. However, because of the nature of that water, there are potential problems associated with its use in irrigation. Some of the major concerns are health hazards, salinity build-up, and toxicity hazards. The objectives of this comprehensive literature review are to illuminate the importance of using TW in irrigation as an alternative freshwater source and to assess the effects of its use on soil fertility and other soil properties, plants, and public health. The literature review reveals that TW reuse has become part of the extension program for boosting water resource utilization. However, the uncontrolled application of such waters has many unfavorable effects on both soils and plants, especially in the long-term. To reduce these unfavorable effects when using TW in irrigation, proper guidelines for wastewater reuse and management should be followed to limit negative effects significantly.

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Relationships of Hydrological Seasons in Rivers and Groundwaters in Selected Catchments in Poland

Water ◽

10.3390/w13030250 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 250

Author(s):

Przemysław Tomalski ◽

Edmund Tomaszewski ◽

Dariusz Wrzesiński ◽

Leszek Sobkowiak

Keyword(s):

River Flow ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Base Flow ◽

Water Shortages ◽

Groundwater Levels ◽

Average Value ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

New Variables ◽

Mixed Types

The study applied the method of hydrological season identification in a time series of river total and base flows and in groundwater levels. The analysis covered a series of daily measurements from the period 2008–2017 in nine catchments located in different geographical regions of Poland. The basis of the classification of hydrological seasons, previously applied for river discharges only, was the transformation of the original variables into a series reflecting three statistical features estimated for single-name days of a year from a multiyear: average value, variation coefficient, and autocorrelation coefficient. New variables were standardized and after hierarchical clustering, every day of a year had a defined type, valorizing three features which refer to quantity, variability, and the stochastic nature of total and base river flow as well as groundwater stage. Finally, sequences of days were grouped into basic (homogenous) seasons of different types and transitional seasons including mixed types of days. Analysis indicated determinants of types, length, and frequency of identified hydrological seasons especially related to river regime, hydrogeological and hydrometeorological conditions as well as physiographical background were directly influenced by geographical location. Analysis of the co-occurrence of the same types of hydrological seasons allowed, in some catchments, periods of synchronic alimentation (groundwater and base flow, mainly in the cold half-year) and water shortages (all three components, mainly in the warm half-year) to be identified.

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Early transcriptional responses in Solanum peruvianum and Solanum lycopersicum account for different acclimation processes during water scarcity events

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95622-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

G. Tapia ◽

M. González ◽

J. Burgos ◽

M. V. Vega ◽

J. Méndez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solanum Lycopersicum ◽

Water Scarcity ◽

Plant Architecture ◽

Early Response ◽

Severe Drought ◽

Water Shortages ◽

Transcriptional Responses ◽

Polyamine Biosynthesis ◽

Tomato Species ◽

Protein Ubiquitination

AbstractCultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum (Slyc) is sensitive to water shortages, while its wild relative Solanum peruvianum L. (Sper), an herbaceous perennial small shrub, can grow under water scarcity and soil salinity environments. Plastic Sper modifies the plant architecture when suffering from drought, which is mediated by the replacement of leaf organs, among other changes. The early events that trigger acclimation and improve these morphological traits are unknown. In this study, a physiological and transcriptomic approach was used to understand the processes that differentiate the response in Slyc and Sper in the context of acclimation to stress and future consequences for plant architecture. In this regard, moderate (MD) and severe drought (SD) were imposed, mediating PEG treatments. The results showed a reduction in water and osmotic potential during stress, which correlated with the upregulation of sugar and proline metabolism-related genes. Additionally, the senescence-related genes FTSH6 protease and asparagine synthase were highly induced in both species. However, GO categories such as “protein ubiquitination” or “endopeptidase inhibitor activity” were differentially enriched in Sper and Slyc, respectively. Genes related to polyamine biosynthesis were induced, while several cyclins and kinetin were downregulated in Sper under drought treatments. Repression of photosynthesis-related genes was correlated with a higher reduction in the electron transport rate in Slyc than in Sper. Additionally, transcription factors from the ERF, WRKY and NAC families were commonly induced in Sper. Although some similar responses were induced in both species under drought stress, many important changes were detected to be differentially induced. This suggests that different pathways dictate the strategies to address the early response to drought and the consequent episodes in the acclimation process in both tomato species.

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LOW DOSE CT SCAN FOLLOWING PERIACETABULAR OSTEOTOMY: ASSESSMENT OF REDUCTION AND CORRELATION WITH RADIOGRAPHIC MEASURES

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967120s00213 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4_suppl3) ◽

pp. 2325967120S0021

Author(s):

Clarabelle DeVries ◽

Jeffrey J Nepple ◽

Lucas Fowler ◽

Sean Akers ◽

Gail Pashos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Femoral Head ◽

Normative Data ◽

Low Dose ◽

Periacetabular Osteotomy ◽

Femoral Head Coverage ◽

Edge Angle ◽

Center Edge ◽

Two Sectors ◽

Posterior Sector ◽

Center Edge Angle

Introduction: Periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) has become a favored treatment for symptomatic acetabular dysplasia worldwide. Nevertheless, the parameters for optimal correction to avoid residual instability or iatrogenic impingement have not been defined. Purpose: The purposes of this study were (1) to assess the ability of PAO to correct femoral head coverage to normal ranges as measured by 3D CT scan and (2) to determine if postoperative radiographic parameters of dysplasia are accurate markers of optimal acetabular correction. Methods: A total of 43 hips (in 38 patients, mean 27.7 years, 88.4% female) were enrolled in this prospective cohort study at minimum 1 year after PAO. Postoperative femoral head coverage was assessed via low-dose CT and compared to normative data of asymptomatic hips from the literature. Anterior (3:00-1:15), lateral (1:00-11:00), and posterior (11:25-9:00) sector coverage was defined by averaging the coverage at 15 minute increments in each zone. Postoperative radiographs were utilized to measure lateral center edge angle (LCEA), anterior wall index (AWI), posterior wall index (PWI), and anterior center edge angle (ACEA). Good correction for each sector was defined as coverage from 1 SD below mean to 2 SD above mean. Results: Postoperatively, the anterior sector was normalized in 84% of hips, lateral sector in 84% of hips, and posterior sector in 86% of hips. Sixty-seven percent of hips were corrected to normative range in all three sectors and 19% were corrected in two sectors (86% in at least two sectors). LCEA and PWI showed the highest correlation with lateral and posterior sector coverage with Pearson’s correlation coefficients of 0.67 and 0.71 (p < 0.001), respectively. Weaker correlations were found between anterior coverage and the AWI and ACEA coverage (-0.16 and 0.15, respectively). Good correction was best correlated with the following target values for acetabular correction: LCEA 28°, AI 1°, AWI 0.37, ACEA 32°, and PWI 1.0. Conclusion: PAO can effectively normalize femoral head coverage compared to normative data. Good correction of each sector coverage ranged from 84-86% of cases. The proposed set of radiographic parameter targets were found to be reliable markers of femoral head coverage.

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