scholarly journals What Linear Estimators Miss: Re-Examining the Effects of Family Income on Child Outcomes

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrine Vellesen Løken ◽  
Magne Mogstad ◽  
Matthew Wiswall
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Linear Estimators

What Linear Estimators Miss: The Effects of Family Income on Child Outcomes

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrine V Løken ◽  
Magne Mogstad ◽  
Matthew Wiswall
Keyword(s):  
Income Distribution ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Marginal Effects ◽  
Linear Estimators ◽  
Nonlinear Iv

We assess the implications of nonlinearity for IV and FE estimation when the estimated model is inappropriately assumed to be linear. Our application is the causal link between family income and child outcomes. Our nonlinear IV and FE estimates show an increasing, concave relationship between family income and children's outcomes. We find that the linear estimators miss the significant effects of family income because they assign little weight to the large marginal effects in the lower part of the income distribution. We also show that the linear IV and FE estimates differ primarily because of different weighting of marginal effects. (JEL C26, D14, J12, J13)

Family income and child outcomes in Canada

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 898-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Dooley ◽  
Jennifer Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Child Outcomes

Causal effects of family income on educational investment and child outcomes: Evidence from a policy reform in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 101122
Author(s):  
Michio Naoi ◽  
Hideo Akabayashi ◽  
Ryosuke Nakamura ◽  
Kayo Nozaki ◽  
Shinpei Sano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Income ◽  
Policy Reform ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Educational Investment

scholarly journals Capturing environmental dimensions of adversity and resources in the context of poverty across infancy through early adolescence: A moderated nonlinear factor model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meriah Lee DeJoseph ◽  
Robin Sifre ◽  
Cybele Raver ◽  
Clancy B. Blair ◽  
Daniel Berry
Keyword(s):  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Life Project ◽  
Nonlinear Factor ◽  
Risk Indices ◽  
Environmental Measures ◽  
Using Data

Income, education, and cumulative-risk indices likely obscure meaningful heterogeneity in the mechanisms through which poverty impacts child outcomes. The present study draws from contemporary theory to specify multiple dimensions of poverty-related adversity and resources, with the aim of better capturing these nuances. Using data from the Family Life Project (N=1,292), we leveraged moderated nonlinear factor analysis (MNLFA; Bauer, 2017) to establish group- and longitudinally-invariant environmental measures from infancy to early adolescence. Results indicated three latent factors—material deprivation, psychosocial threat, and sociocognitive resources—were distinct from each other and from family income. Each was largely invariant across site, racial group, and development and showed convergent and discriminate relations with age-twelve criterion measures. Implications for ensuring socioculturally-valid measurements of poverty are discussed.

Applying Generalizability Theory to Optimize Analysis of Spontaneous Teacher Talk in Elementary Classrooms

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1947-1957
Author(s):  
Alexandra Hollo ◽  
Johanna L. Staubitz ◽  
Jason C. Chow
Keyword(s):  
Special Education Teachers ◽  
Generalizability Theory ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Elementary Classrooms ◽  
Teacher Talk ◽  
Group Instruction ◽  
Data Set ◽  
School Year ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Representative Samples

Purpose Although sampling teachers' child-directed speech in school settings is needed to understand the influence of linguistic input on child outcomes, empirical guidance for measurement procedures needed to obtain representative samples is lacking. To optimize resources needed to transcribe, code, and analyze classroom samples, this exploratory study assessed the minimum number and duration of samples needed for a reliable analysis of conventional and researcher-developed measures of teacher talk in elementary classrooms. Method This study applied fully crossed, Person (teacher) × Session (samples obtained on 3 separate occasions) generalizability studies to analyze an extant data set of three 10-min language samples provided by 28 general and special education teachers recorded during large-group instruction across the school year. Subsequently, a series of decision studies estimated of the number and duration of sessions needed to obtain the criterion g coefficient ( g > .70). Results The most stable variables were total number of words and mazes, requiring only a single 10-min sample, two 6-min samples, or three 3-min samples to reach criterion. No measured variables related to content or complexity were adequately stable regardless of number and duration of samples. Conclusions Generalizability studies confirmed that a large proportion of variance was attributable to individuals rather than the sampling occasion when analyzing the amount and fluency of spontaneous teacher talk. In general, conventionally reported outcomes were more stable than researcher-developed codes, which suggests some categories of teacher talk are more context dependent than others and thus require more intensive data collection to measure reliably.

Physical Illness and Suicide Risk in Rural Residents of Contemporary China

Crisis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 330-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cun-Xian Jia ◽  
Lin-Lin Wang ◽  
Ai-Qiang Xu ◽  
Ai-Ying Dai ◽  
Ping Qin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Physical Illness ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Population

Background: Physical illness is linked with an increased risk of suicide; however, evidence from China is limited. Aims: To assess the influence of physical illness on risk of suicide among rural residents of China, and to examine the differences in the characteristics of people completing suicide with physical illness from those without physical illness. Method: In all, 200 suicide cases and 200 control subjects, 1:1 pair-matched on sex and age, were included from 25 townships of three randomly selected counties in Shandong Province, China. One informant for each suicide or control subject was interviewed to collect data on the physical health condition and psychological and sociodemographic status. Results: The prevalence of physical illness in suicide cases (63.0%) was significantly higher than that in paired controls (41.0%; χ2 = 19.39, p < .001). Compared with suicide cases without physical illness, people who were physically ill and completed suicide were generally older, less educated, had lower family income, and reported a mental disorder less often. Physical illness denoted a significant risk factor for suicide with an associated odds ratio of 3.23 (95% CI: 1.85–5.62) after adjusted for important covariates. The elevated risk of suicide increased progressively with the number of comorbid illnesses. Cancer, stroke, and a group of illnesses comprising dementia, hemiplegia, and encephalatrophy had a particularly strong effect among the commonly reported diagnoses in this study population. Conclusion: Physical illness is an important risk factor for suicide in rural residents of China. Efforts for suicide prevention are needed and should be integrated with national strategies of health care in rural China.

Parental Depression and Child Outcomes: Unraveling and Understanding the Role of Mediators and Moderators

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (Supplement 14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Horvath ◽  
Ashley Pineda ◽  
David Cole
Keyword(s):  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Parental Depression
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