scholarly journals Do Developed and Developing Countries Compete Head to Head in High Tech?

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Z. Lawrence ◽  
Lawrence Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
High Tech

Editorial

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
Yurdanur Dulgeroglu-Yuksel
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Sustainable Cities ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Settlement Policies ◽  
Existing Housing ◽  
The City

This editorial deals with the issue of sustainability in relation to the development of the city in the 21st century. The main goal is to make an inquiry into Piecemeal vs Grand Planning Approaches to generating sustainable cities. The focus of the city is the human settlements. The issue of sustainability has been a concern for many planners, architects, urban geographers and social scientists. “Sustainability” is an old concept but has become a new solution criteria for generating liveable cities. The role of the professional is crucial in the development of cities to become more sustainable. It seems that development of cities, especially those in developing countries, in the post-modern age require a critical evaluation and updating of their existing housing and settlement policies and practices. They seem to neglect the development dynamics in fast-growing metropoles sometimes. While the natural phenomenon of urbanisation require piecemeal approach to spatial planning and development in Developing countries, their governments tend to adopt Grand policies of developed countries. Implementation of such policies with fujrthern use of high-tech often results in large wipe-outs in the city and social disintegration, following the replacement of existing neighborhoods. Physical and social integrity, as well as slow growth of settlements is a crucial start towards sustainable cities.

scholarly journals HORIZONS OF RESEARCH IN GEOGRAPHY OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

HERALD ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Alexandrovich Kolosov ◽  
Elena Alexandrovna Grechko ◽  
Xenia Vladimirovna Mironenko ◽  
Elena Nikolayevna Samburova ◽  
Nikolay Alexandrovich Sluka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Modern World ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

The advent of "world economic transition" and the formation of a multipolar world is closely linked, according to experts, with loss of globalization advances, which strengthens regionalism, increases diversification and fragmentation of the modern world, creating risks and threats to the world development. In this light studying the spatial organization of the global economy becomes more important, and at the same time that complicates the choice of priorities in the research activities of the Department of geography of the world economy, Faculty of Geography, Moscow State Lomonosov University in 2016-20, requiring a new research “ideology”. The article summarizes some ideas expressed by the department staff. It specifies that concept of territorial division of labor, as well as the defined set of key actors in the world economy and common assumptions regarding their contributions to its development needs a significant revision. The above firstly concerns giant developing countries, in particular rapidly growing China – a kind of locomotive entraining other developing states. Further, the impact of multinationals on the overall architecture and the territorial organization of the global economy becomes more and more tangible. This phenomenon requires the creation of a new scientific area of concern – the corporate geography as a tool to thoroughly investigate the transnational division of labor. Changes in the balance of acting forces are closely related to changes in industry composition and spatial organization of the global economy. The article raises the issues of development of such processes as tertiarization of the economy, reindustrialization and neoindustrialization, the latter being understood as an evolutionary transition to a knowledge-intensive, high-tech, mass labor-replacing and environmentally efficient industrial production. Basing on preliminary research from the standpoint of a relatively new methodological approach – formation of value chains – the vector of "geographical transition" " in their creation from developed to developing countries was designated. This means increasing complexity of the territorial structure of the world economy and an increase in the importance of semi-periphery. A spatial projection of globalization processes in the form of emerging “archipelago of cities”, which consolidates the international network of TNCs as the supporting node frame of the global economy requires close attention and analysis. The need of comprehending the study scope in the field of geography of the world economy in medium Atlas Information Systems (AIS), which in terms of functionality belong to the upper class of electronic atlases, is noted.

scholarly journals Retrospective and Prospective Look at Aflatoxin Research and Development from a Practical Standpoint

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noreddine Benkerroum
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Health Protection ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Development Environment ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Practical Standpoint

Among the array of structurally and toxicologically diverse mycotoxins, aflatoxins have attracted the most interest of scientific research due to their high toxicity and incidence in foods and feeds. Despite the undeniable progress made in various aspects related to aflatoxins, the ultimate goal consisting of reducing the associated public health risks worldwide is far from being reached due to multiplicity of social, political, economic, geographic, climatic, and development factors. However, a reasonable degree of health protection is attained in industrialized countries owing to their scientific, administrative, and financial capacities allowing them to use high-tech agricultural management systems. Less fortunate situation exists in equatorial and sub-equatorial developing countries mainly practicing traditional agriculture managed by smallholders for subsistence, and where the climate is suitable for mould growth and aflatoxin production. Accordingly, it is difficult to harmonize the regulatory standards of aflatoxins worldwide, which prevents agri-foods of developing countries from access to the market of industrialized countries. To tackle the multi-facetted aflatoxin problems, actions should be taken collectively by the international community involving scientific research, technological and social development, environment protection, etc. International cooperation should foster technology transfer and exchange of pertinent technical information. This review presents the main historical discoveries leading to our present knowledge on aflatoxins and the challenges that should be addressed presently and in the future at various levels to ensure higher health protection for everybody. In short, it aims to elucidate where we come from and where we should go in terms of aflatoxin research/development.

scholarly journals Comparative Advantages of National Pharmaceutical Industries through the Prism of New Indicators

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
O. B. Salikhova
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Market ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
Comparative Advantages ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Production Facilities

Specific ways of the emergence of new actors in the global market of pharmaceutical goods is investigated, with substantiating the role of transnational corporations (TNC), their investment and technologies in establishing pharmaceutical industries in developing countries. The cases of Puerto Rico and Ireland are taken in order to demonstrate the background for expansion of manufacturing of medicines and medical products and analyze the tendencies in their export capacity building. The factors making pharmaceutical TNC transfer production facilities to India and China are substantiated and implications of this process are highlighted. It is revealed that due to the production internationalization, countries that had been net importers of pharmaceuticals just several decades ago have joined the group of key suppliers to external markets. Because American and European TNC are leading in the pharmaceutical industry by R&D expenditure, they are the principal holders of advanced technologies in the industry. It follows that manufacturing of medicines and medical products in most part of countries either directly or indirectly depend on innovative products of TNC and their technology transfer via various channels (both licensing and imports of components, active pharmaceutical ingredients in particular). It is shown that with the emergence of new market actors coming from developing countries, traditional approaches to determining comparative advantages of counties in the global trade need to be improved. The cases of countries that are recipients of foreign technologies, on which territories powerful high tech pharmaceutical production facilities with high shares of intermediate consumption and heavy export supplies are located due to TNC investment or local public-private capital, give evidence that the classical RCA indicator allows to measure visible comparative advantages in the trade in goods rather than revealed ones. It is proposed that analyses of advantages at country level should include the indicator of high tech goods supplies, to provide for a more accurate description of the innovation component in advanced industries. A new approach to the assessment of comparative advantages of high tech pharmaceutical manufacturing is proposed and tested, which is based on the principle of specialization and use of the ratio of Comparative Advantage in Value Added Activity (CAVA) in particular. It is revealed that the pharmaceutical industry of Ireland, Jordan, Singapore, India or Columbia, with reliance on foreign investment and technologies, could gain advantages in value added creation and dominate the national economies. It is shown that Ukraine is enhancing the advantages in value added creation in the pharmaceutical industry; is it substantiated that due to low R&D and innovation performance and heavy dependence on imported components, capacity building of this industry and its current advantages result from global tendencies and global market conjunctures rather than from the implementation of the national science & technology priorities. According to the author’s recommendation, the proposed approach to determining comparative advantages in value added creation should be used for the assessment of other high tech industries, apart from the pharmaceutical industry, and that is should be supplemented by statistical tools for analysis of foreign trade in finished and intermediate high tech goods.

The Essential Trinity

2014 ◽  
pp. 270-282
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
High Tech ◽  
It Industry ◽  
Technology Industries

Successful high-tech industries can be understood as ecosystems of enterprises and related organizations that are geared to develop platforms of global products, processes, and services; these platforms, by turn, are based on solid industrial architectures. This is called the Essential Trinity concept. In this way, the main objective of this chapter is twofold: first, to argue that information technology industries in developing countries, such as Brazil, can be understood through the Essential Trinity concept; and second, to argue also that the main characteristic of this industry in developing countries is that it has been historically organized only in terms of ecosystems of enterprises and related organizations, without developing either platforms of global products, processes, and services, or solid industrial architectures. In order to develop these arguments, the chapter presents the case of the IT industry in the state of Pernambuco (Northeast of Brazil), particularly through the development of its Porto Digital IT Park, as an example of an “unfinished essential trinity.”

Pre-Design Ocean Outfall Studies

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Willard Bascom
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Environmental Studies ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Minimal Cost ◽  
Marine Food ◽  
Ocean Outfall

This paper is intended to provide guidance to persons in developing countries who are responsible for making ocean outfall studies but have limited resources. It consists mainly of practical suggestions based on the author's experience about what measurements are needed to obtain useful information and how to make them at minimal cost. Thoughtfulness in planning work that will produce useful answers is favored over pseudo-high-tech environmental studies. Some opinions are presented about the enhancement of marine food resources by outfalls and about collecting biological data as a defense against possible criticism. The special conditions that may exist in enclosed bays and estuaries are not specifically addressed in this paper.

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