The Piggy Bank Index: Matching Canadians’ Savings Rates to Their Retirement Dreams

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Dodge ◽  
Alexandre Laurin ◽  
Colin Busby
Keyword(s):  
Index Matching ◽  
Savings Rates

scholarly journals Active vs. Passive Decisions and Crowd-Out in Retirement Savings Accounts: Evidence from Denmark *

2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 1141-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Chetty ◽  
John N. Friedman ◽  
Søren Leth-Petersen ◽  
Torben Heien Nielsen ◽  
Tore Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Retirement Savings ◽  
Total Saving ◽  
Savings Accounts ◽  
Retirement Accounts ◽  
Tax Subsidies ◽  
Crowd Out ◽  
Savings Rates

Abstract Using 41 million observations on savings for the population of Denmark, we show that the effects of retirement savings policies on wealth accumulation depend on whether they change savings rates by active or passive choice. Subsidies for retirement accounts, which rely on individuals to take an action to raise savings, primarily induce individuals to shift assets from taxable accounts to retirement accounts. We estimate that each $1 of government expenditure on subsidies increases total saving by only 1 cent. In contrast, policies that raise retirement contributions if individuals take no action—such as automatic employer contributions to retirement accounts—increase wealth accumulation substantially. We estimate that approximately 15% of individuals are “active savers” who respond to tax subsidies primarily by shifting assets across accounts; 85% of individuals are “passive savers” who are unresponsive to subsidies but are instead heavily influenced by automatic contributions made on their behalf. Active savers tend to be wealthier and more financially sophisticated. We conclude that automatic contributions are more effective at increasing savings rates than subsidies for three reasons: (i) subsidies induce relatively few individuals to respond, (ii) they generate substantial crowd-out conditional on response, and (iii) they do not increase the savings of passive individuals, who are least prepared for retirement.

scholarly journals Donor-Recipient Body Mass Index Matching in Lung Transplantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. S362
Author(s):  
W.R. Lightle ◽  
A. Hallett ◽  
J. Motter ◽  
G. Loor ◽  
P. Carrott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Lung Transplantation ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Index Matching

scholarly journals Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals: Materials, Formation, and Applications

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. J. Liu ◽  
X. W. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Liquid Crystals ◽  
Refractive Index Profile ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Fast Switching ◽  
Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal ◽  
Current State ◽  
Index Matching ◽  
Polymer Dispersed ◽  
Materials Used

By combining polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) and holography, holographic PDLC (H-PDLC) has emerged as a new composite material for switchable or tunable optical devices. Generally, H-PDLC structures are created in a liquid crystal cell filled with polymer-dispersed liquid crystal materials by recording the interference pattern generated by two or more coherent laser beams which is a fast and single-step fabrication. With a relatively ideal phase separation between liquid crystals and polymers, periodic refractive index profile is formed in the cell and thus light can be diffracted. Under a suitable electric field, the light diffraction behavior disappears due to the index matching between liquid crystals and polymers. H-PDLCs show a fast switching time due to the small size of the liquid crystal droplets. So far, H-PDLCs have been applied in many promising applications in photonics, such as flat panel displays, switchable gratings, switchable lasers, switchable microlenses, and switchable photonic crystals. In this paper, we review the current state-of-the-art of H-PDLCs including the materials used to date, the grating formation dynamics and simulations, the optimization of electro-optical properties, the photonic applications, and the issues existed in H-PDLCs.

Experimental Characterization of Slug Flow Velocity Distribution in Two Phase Pipe Flow

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afshin Goharzadeh ◽  
Peter Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Distribution ◽  
Slug Flow ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Horizontal Pipe ◽  
Measured Velocity ◽  
Air Bubble ◽  
Velocity Magnitude ◽  
Index Matching ◽  
Refractive Index Matching

This paper presents an experimental study of gas-liquid slug flow inside a horizontal pipe. The influence of air bubble passage on liquid flow is characterized using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) combined with Refractive Index Matching (RIM) and fluorescent tracers. A physical insight into the velocity distribution within slug flow is presented. It was observed that the slug flow significantly influences the velocity profile in the liquid film. Measured velocity distributions also revealed a significant drop in the velocity magnitude immediately upstream of the slug nose. These findings aim to aid an understanding of the mechanism of solid transportation in slug flows.

scholarly journals A NOTE ON ECONOMIC GROWTH WITH SUBSISTENCE CONSUMPTION

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Strulik
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
Controversial Issue ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Transitional Dynamics ◽  
Economic Growth Rates ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Savings Rates

It is well known that the performance of simple models of economic growth improves substantially through the introduction of subsistence consumption. How to compute subsistence needs, however, is a difficult and controversial issue. Here, I reconsider the linear (Ak) growth model with subsistence consumption and show that the evolution of savings rates and economic growth rates over time is independent of the size of subsistence needs. The model is thus more general and less subject to arbitrariness than might have been thought initially. Quantitatively, it is shown that, although there is no degree of freedom to manipulate transitional dynamics, the model approximates the historical evolution of savings rates and growth rates reasonably well.

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