Rule Creation in a Political Hierarchy

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford Carrubba ◽  
Tom S. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Political Hierarchy

State-Sponsored Inequality

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
The State ◽  
Structural Inequality ◽  
Political Hierarchy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Agrarian Societies ◽  
Stratification System ◽  
The Many

The book explores the social economic processes of inequality produced by differential state entitlements. Drawing on uniquely rich source materials from central and local archives, the book provides an unprecedented, comprehensive view of the creation of a socio-economic and political hierarchy under the Eight Banners in the Qing dynasty in what is now Shuangcheng County, Heilongjiang province. Shuangcheng was settled by bannermen from urban Beijing and elsewhere in rural Manchuria in the nineteenth century. The state classified the immigrants into distinct categories, each associated with differentiated land entitlements. By reconstructing the history of settlement and land distribution in this county, the book shows that patterns of wealth stratification and the underlying social hierarchy were not merely imposed by the state from the top-down but created and reinforced by local people through practices on the ground. In the course of pursuing their own interests, settlers internalized the distinctions created by the state through its system of unequal land entitlements. The tensions built into the unequal land entitlements therefore shaped the identities of immigrant groups, and this social hierarchy persisted after the fall of the Qing in 1911. The book offers an in-depth understanding of the key factors that contributed to social stratification in agrarian societies in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century China. Moreover, it also sheds light on the many parallels between the stratification system in Qing-dynasty Shuangcheng and the structural inequality in contemporary China.

Rule Creation in a Political Hierarchy

2012 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLIFFORD J. CARRUBBA ◽  
TOM S. CLARK
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Federal Courts ◽  
Principal Agent ◽  
Agent Model ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Political Hierarchy ◽  
Lower Courts ◽  
Principal Agent Model ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Judicial Hierarchy

Principal-agent relations are replete in politics; politicians are agents of electorates, bureaucrats are agents of executives, lower courts are agents of upper courts, and much more. Commonly, principals are modeled as the rule-making body and agents as the rule-implementing body. However, principals often delegate the authority to make the rules themselves to their agents. The relationship between the lower federal courts and the Supreme Court is one such example; a considerable portion of the law (rules) is made in the lower federal courts with the Supreme Court serving primarily as the overseer of those lower courts’ decisions. In this article, we develop and test a principal-agent model of law (rule) creation in a judicial hierarchy. The model yields new insights about the relationship among various features of the judicial hierarchy that run against many existing perceptions. For example, we find a non-monotonic relationship between the divergence in upper and lower court preferences over rules and the likelihood of review and reversal by the Supreme Court. The empirical evidence supports these derived relationships. Wider implications for the principal-agent literature are also discussed.

NEW EVIDENCE FOR POLITICAL HIERARCHY AND POWER IN THE NORTHERN MAYA LOWLANDS (a.d.600–1000)

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Graña-Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Northern Region ◽  
Classic Maya ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Ancient Maya ◽  
Maya Lowlands ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Political Hierarchy ◽  
And Function ◽  
Meaning And Function ◽  
New Evidence

AbstractThis paper presents new evidence for hierarchy and power among the Classic Maya (a.d.300–1000) from the northern lowlands. It expands the list of identified emblem glyphs, and, more particularly, focuses on emblems with numerals by questioning their meaning and function in terms of political organization. Furthermore, the paper centers on syntax, especially on the practice of structuring personal names and titles in order to isolate titles and emblem glyphs, as well as to rank individuals and further advance our understanding of ancient Maya political organization. Finally, a dynastic sequence of rulers and noblemen from the Chan or Kan kingdom (most probably Jaina) is proposed, as well as divergent monumental traditions within the northern region and a re-evaluation of interpolity relationships.

scholarly journals Food and the State: Bioarchaeological Investigations of Diet in the Moche Valley of Perú

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celeste Marie Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Moche Valley ◽  
The North ◽  
Antemortem Tooth Loss ◽  
Political Hierarchy ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
North And South ◽  
Irrigation Agriculture

The Moche of north coastal Perú were among the earliest New World societies to develop state socio-political organization. The Moche State (AD 200-800) was a centralized hierarchical society that controlled the Moche Valley as well as valleys to the north and south. Prior to the establishment of the state, a series of less hierarchical organizations were present in the valley. Irrigation agriculture has often been cited as central to development of the Moche State. To test this assertion I examined 750 individuals recovered from the largest cemetery at the site of Cerro Oreja. Although the most important occupation of Cerro Oreja was during the Gallinazo phase (AD 1-200), many individuals were interred here during the earlier Salinar period (400 -1 BC). Consequently, the Cerro Oreja collection holds a key to understanding the development of one of the earliest and most extensive states in the Americas. The teeth and/or alveoli of each individual were examined for the presence of dental caries, periodontal disease, abscesses, and antemortem tooth loss. My analysis suggests women and children did increasingly focus their diet on agricultural products. These findings seem to support the hypothesis that increased irrigation and reliance on agricultural production was fundamental to the development of the Moche state. However, men’s diets remained consistent through time. Status seems to have been of little import in determining diet before and during early periods of state development, in dramatic contrast to what we know of its importance during the zenith of the state’s power. I suggest that increasing differentiation of gender roles was important to the development of the state, and that gender differences may have been the most salient force in the transition to political hierarchy and social stratification in the Moche valley.

scholarly journals Physicochemical and mechanical study of Mayan Archeological stony constructive materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. J. Ley Paredes ◽  
J. M. Cervantes Uc ◽  
E. Perez Pacheco ◽  
C. R. Ríos Soberanis ◽  
S. Wakayama
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Clay Material ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Calorimetric Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Study ◽  
Political Hierarchy ◽  
Mayan Civilization

Mayan civilization monumental architecture has been a vital source of information to gain acknowledgement about its way of life, science and political hierarchy; consequently, examination of constructive materials of Mayan structures by using materials science characterization techniques are noteworthy. This work focuses on the study and characterization of archeological stony materials taken from the main structure on Witzinah archeological site located south of Yucatan, Mexico, in order to determine its constituted elements and chemical components. Such materials were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to establish, in accord to its micro-structural patterns, the porosity and morphology, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) to determine the chemical compounds. Calorimetric analysis through TGA was carried out in order to identify the presence of organic elements as well as Infrared analysis (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) to detect polymeric components. Preliminary results indicated that mortars contain saturated fats (esters) that were possibly originated by degradation of natural polymer (elastomeric rubber) known as polyisoprene as well as nano-clay material named Palygorskita (typified in Maya as Sak lu’um), and that both had a direct influence on the properties of the evaluated mortars used for the construction of the site Principal Building.

scholarly journals At komme til magten - magt, køn og kønnede aktører i det politiske felt

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-43
Author(s):  
Lis Højgaard
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
Gender And Politics ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
Political Hierarchy ◽  
Gendered Patterns ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Political Praxis ◽  
Gender Specific

Obtaining Power – power, gender and gendered actors in the political arena The gendering of politics in Denmark is no longer manifested in large differences in representation in important political positions or in unambiguous gender specific ways of doing politics or of climbing the political hierarchy. A discourse analysis of interviews with top male and female politicians shows that gender and political are woven together in multifarious ways, while revealing gendered patterns in discursive practices. There are no sharp differences in male and female politicians’ discourses on doing politics, on obtaining top positions in the political hierarchy or on gender and politics. Gendered patterns appear in the way male and female politicians combine discourses on how to get power and in their discourses on the meaning of gender in politics. The interviews revealed three discourses on how to get power: the fight, the party community and the personal stake. These represent distinct ways of characterizing the processes involved in becoming politically powerful. The interviews also revealed two main discourses on the meaning of gender: gender as an explicitly important dimension of political praxis, and gender as unimportant in relation to political praxis. The gendered agents combine these discourses in different ways, which opens different spaces of action and nego-tiation as well as different possibilities for positioning in the political field, possibilities that are reflected by a meta-discourse expressing processes of inclusion and exclusion in the field of politics.

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