Arquitectonica's Aufbau Rudolf Carnap; A Model Interpretation - Theoretical (Arquitectonica Del Aufbau De Carnap; Una Interpretacion Modelo - Teorica)

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Rudolf Carnap ◽  
Model Interpretation

EpiPen: An R Package to Investigate Two-Locus Epistatic Models

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond K. Walters ◽  
Charles Laurin ◽  
Gitta H. Lubke
Keyword(s):  
Power Analysis ◽  
R Package ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Epistatic Interactions ◽  
Model Interpretation ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Power Analyses

Epistasis is a growing area of research in genome-wide studies, but the differences between alternative definitions of epistasis remain a source of confusion for many researchers. One problem is that models for epistasis are presented in a number of formats, some of which have difficult-to-interpret parameters. In addition, the relation between the different models is rarely explained. Existing software for testing epistatic interactions between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) does not provide the flexibility to compare the available model parameterizations. For that reason we have developed an R package for investigating epistatic and penetrance models, EpiPen, to aid users who wish to easily compare, interpret, and utilize models for two-locus epistatic interactions. EpiPen facilitates research on SNP-SNP interactions by allowing the R user to easily convert between common parametric forms for two-locus interactions, generate data for simulation studies, and perform power analyses for the selected model with a continuous or dichotomous phenotype. The usefulness of the package for model interpretation and power analysis is illustrated using data on rheumatoid arthritis.

scholarly journals Sensitivity analysis for interpretation of machine learning based segmentation models in cardiac MRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus J. Ankenbrand ◽  
Liliia Shainberg ◽  
Michael Hock ◽  
David Lohr ◽  
Laura M. Schreiber
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cardiac Mri ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Model Interpretation ◽  
First Case ◽  
Segmentation Models

Abstract Background Image segmentation is a common task in medical imaging e.g., for volumetry analysis in cardiac MRI. Artificial neural networks are used to automate this task with performance similar to manual operators. However, this performance is only achieved in the narrow tasks networks are trained on. Performance drops dramatically when data characteristics differ from the training set properties. Moreover, neural networks are commonly considered black boxes, because it is hard to understand how they make decisions and why they fail. Therefore, it is also hard to predict whether they will generalize and work well with new data. Here we present a generic method for segmentation model interpretation. Sensitivity analysis is an approach where model input is modified in a controlled manner and the effect of these modifications on the model output is evaluated. This method yields insights into the sensitivity of the model to these alterations and therefore to the importance of certain features on segmentation performance. Results We present an open-source Python library (misas), that facilitates the use of sensitivity analysis with arbitrary data and models. We show that this method is a suitable approach to answer practical questions regarding use and functionality of segmentation models. We demonstrate this in two case studies on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The first case study explores the suitability of a published network for use on a public dataset the network has not been trained on. The second case study demonstrates how sensitivity analysis can be used to evaluate the robustness of a newly trained model. Conclusions Sensitivity analysis is a useful tool for deep learning developers as well as users such as clinicians. It extends their toolbox, enabling and improving interpretability of segmentation models. Enhancing our understanding of neural networks through sensitivity analysis also assists in decision making. Although demonstrated only on cardiac magnetic resonance images this approach and software are much more broadly applicable.

scholarly journals The Difficulty of Predicting Eastern Spruce Dwarf Mistletoe in Lowland Black Spruce: Model Benchmarking in Northern Minnesota, USA

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 843
Author(s):  
Ella R. Gray ◽  
Matthew B. Russell ◽  
Marcella A. Windmuller-Campione
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Predictive Performance ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Dwarf Mistletoe ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Model Interpretation

Insects, fungi, and diseases play an important role in forest stand development and subsequently, forest management decisions and treatments. As these disturbance agents commonly occur within and across landscapes, modeling has often been used to inform forest planning and management decisions. However, models are rarely benchmarked, leaving questions about their utility. Here, we assessed the predictive performance of a Bayesian hierarchical model through on–the-ground sampling to explore what features of stand structure or composition may be important factors related to eastern spruce dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium pusillum Peck) presence in lowland black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P.). Twenty-five state-owned stands included in the predictive model were sampled during the 2019 and 2020 growing seasons. Within each stand, data related to the presence of eastern spruce dwarf mistletoe, stand structure, and species composition were collected. The model accurately predicted eastern spruce dwarf mistletoe occurrence for 13 of the 25 stands. The amount of living and dead black spruce basal area differed significantly based on model prediction and observed infestation, but trees per hectare, total living basal area, diameter at breast height, stand age, and species richness were not significantly different. Our results highlight the benefits of model benchmarking to improve model interpretation as well as to inform our understanding of forest health problems across diverse stand conditions.

Rudolf Carnap. Science and analysis of language. Ditto, 6 pp.

1939 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-171
Author(s):  
Anders Wedberg
Keyword(s):  
Rudolf Carnap

A. J. Ayer. Editor's introduction. Logical positivism, edited by A. J. Ayer, The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1959, pp. 3–28; also first paperback edition, The Free Press, New York 1966, pp. 3–28. - Bertrand Russell. Logical atomism. A reprint of XXV 333. Logical positivism, edited by A. J. Ayer, The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1959, pp. 31–50; also ibid., pp. 31–50. - Moritz Schlick. Positivism and realism. A reprint of XVI 67. Logical positivism, edited by A. J. Ayer, The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1959, pp. 82–107; also ibid., pp. 82–107. - Carl G. Hempel. The empiricist criterion of meaning. A reprint of XVI 293. Logical positivism, edited by A. J. Ayer, The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1959, pp. 108–129; also ibid., pp. 108–129. - Rudolf Carnap. The old and the new logic. English translation of 3525 by Isaac Levi. Logical positivism, edited by A. J. Ayer, The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1959, pp. 133–146; also ibid., pp. 133–146. - Hans Hahn. Logic, mathematics and knowledge of nature. English translation of 4193 by Arthur Pap. Logical positivism, edited by A. J. Ayer, The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1959, pp. 147–161 ; also ibid., pp. 147–161. - Friedrich Waismann. How I see philosophy. A reprint of XXIII 209. Logical positivism, edited by A. J. Ayer, The Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois, 1959, pp. 345–380; also ibid., pp. 345–380.

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-312
Author(s):  
Alonzo Church
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Logical Positivism ◽  
Bertrand Russell ◽  
Rudolf Carnap ◽  
Free Press ◽  
Paperback Edition ◽  
Logical Atomism

scholarly journals Addressing the evolution of automated user behaviour patterns by runtime model interpretation

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1387-1420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estefanía Serral ◽  
Pedro Valderas ◽  
Vicente Pelechano
Keyword(s):  
User Behaviour ◽  
Model Interpretation

Epistemologia e teoria sociale. Questioni interne ed esterne

2012 ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Timothy Tambassi
Keyword(s):  
Rudolf Carnap

L'articolo discute il modo in cui la distinzione di Rudolf Carnap tra questioni interne ed esterne possa essere estesa e applicata alla teoria sociale. Seguendo Carnap si sostiene come, dato un sistema di riferimento, una questione č interna se valutata e risolta all'interno del sistema in questione, mentre č esterna se mette in discussione il sistema di riferimento dato e lo stato di cose che presuppone. Quindi, attraverso un'analisi incentrata principalmente sul sistema di riferimento ‘la Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana' e sul tema della giustizia, si discutono la rilevanza e le conseguenze di tale distinzione per la teoria sociale.

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