scholarly journals Valuing a Risky Prospect Less than its Worst Outcome: Uncertainty Effect or Task Ambiguity?

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Ortmann ◽  
Sasha Prokosheva ◽  
Ondrej Rydval ◽  
Ralph Hertwig
Keyword(s):  
Task Ambiguity ◽  
Or Task

The Task Ambiguity Scale: Development and Preliminary Validation

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Waples ◽  
Satoris S. Culbertson ◽  
Patrick A. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Scale Development ◽  
Preliminary Validation ◽  
Task Ambiguity

scholarly journals Motor Chunking in Internally Guided Sequencing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krishn Bera ◽  
Anuj Shukla ◽  
Raju S. Bapi
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Sequence Production ◽  
Serial Reaction ◽  
Motor Movements ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Reaction Task ◽  
Or Task

Motor skill learning involves the acquisition of sequential motor movements with practice. Studies have shown that we learn to execute these sequences efficiently by chaining several elementary actions in sub-sequences called motor chunks. Several experimental paradigms, such as serial reaction task, discrete sequence production, and m × n task, have investigated motor chunking in externally specified sequencing where the environment or task paradigm provides the sequence of stimuli, i.e., the responses are stimulus driven. In this study, we examine motor chunking in a class of more realistic motor tasks that involve internally guided sequencing where the sequence of motor actions is self-generated or internally specified. We employ a grid-navigation task as an exemplar of internally guided sequencing to investigate practice-driven performance improvements due to motor chunking. The participants performed the grid-sailing task (GST) (Fermin et al., 2010), which required navigating (by executing sequential keypresses) a 10 × 10 grid from start to goal position while using a particular type of key mapping between the three cursor movement directions and the three keyboard buttons. We provide empirical evidence for motor chunking in grid-navigation tasks by showing the emergence of subject-specific, unique temporal patterns in response times. Our findings show spontaneous chunking without pre-specified or externally guided structures while replicating the earlier results with a less constrained, internally guided sequencing paradigm.

Generational differences in response to youth offenders: myth or reality?

2012 ◽  
pp. 460-469
Author(s):  
Underwood Jean ◽  
Tomisson Carolyne
Keyword(s):  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Generational Cohort ◽  
Youth Offenders ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Youth Offender ◽  
Appropriate Sentences ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Or Task

This empirical study examined generational cohort differences in perceptions of youth offending. Based on own-group bias, it was hypothesised that younger participants would be more tolerant of youth crime than the older generation, which would be shown by attitudes in favour of more lenient sentencing of offenders. Predicated on attribution theory, it was hypothesised that the provision of mitigating information about the offender would change individual's attitudes, and in turn, behaviour towards the offender leading to less draconian sentencing. Sixty participants, divided into four groups (2 groups of 15 aged 18-24 year olds; 2 groups of 15 aged over 40) allocated appropriate sentences to offenders depicted in ten short vignettes, half were offences against the person and the remaining five were crimes against property. One younger and one older group of participants received vignettes depicting the bare facts of the offence and offender; the other two groups (one young, one older) had additional information on background of the offender. While there were no main effects of age or task, both groups viewed crimes against the person more seriously than those against property. Without additional information older participants were more punitive than younger participants as predicted by the theory of own-group bias. However, younger participants were less swayed by mitigating information than their older counterparts, with the latter awarding more lenient when such information was provided. Mitigating information about a youth offender did affect sentencing options but not with the younger participants. This has implications for the composition of juries in youth offender trials.

The Role of the Hippocampus in Trace Conditioning: Temporal Discontinuity or Task Difficulty?

2001 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna V. Beylin ◽  
Chetan C. Gandhi ◽  
Gwendolyn E. Wood ◽  
Andrew C. Talk ◽  
Louis D. Matzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Trace Conditioning ◽  
Temporal Discontinuity ◽  
Or Task

Acquisition and Transfer of Spatial Rotation and Assembly Skills: Two Speed-Accuracy Studies

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 917-920
Author(s):  
David F. Lohman
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Task ◽  
Cascade Model ◽  
Spatial Skills ◽  
Assembly Task ◽  
Performance Curves ◽  
Accuracy Study ◽  
Stimulus Familiarity ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Rate Limiting ◽  
Or Task

Two studies of the effects of practice on the acquisition and transfer of spatial skills are reported. Both used the methodology of the speed-accuracy study to generate performance curves for each subject in each condition. Interpretation of the parameters of models fitted to these data was guided by McClelland's (1979) cascade model. In the first study, subjects practiced either rotating or assembling polygons. Later, they were administered a transfer rotation or assembly task that presented either practiced or nonpracticed stimuli. In the second study, subjects practiced assembling forms for three sessions and were later posttested on the same transfer task used in Study 1. Following McClelland (1979), differences in asymptotes, curvatures, and intercepts of speed-accuracy curves between conditions were interpreted as reflecting changes in stimulus familiarity, changes in a slow (or rate limiting) process, and changes in a fast (or task-specific) process, respectively. Implications of the research for training and assessment of spatial abilities are discussed.

scholarly journals Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Materi Mata Kuliah Demografi Teknik

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trisnawati
Keyword(s):  
College Student ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Student Understanding ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Study Material ◽  
Study Evaluation ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Or Task

Problems of this research are the difficulty of collage students to understand technique demography study material and the unavailability of appropriate teaching material. This research is aimed to increase college student understanding toward technique demography study material and study achievement. Developing material of teaching was done by: (1) Product analyzed by reducing and increasing study material; (2) Wrote material of teaching; (3) Expert validation and revised, by material of teaching expert, instructional developing, study evaluation, demography and environmental expert; (4) Small group test and revised, toward 10 collage student of geography field study; and (5) Large scale of field survey test and final product, on odd semester 2006/2007, toward 30 collage student of geography field study, FKIP, Lampung University.Pre test and post test was done in every study. The using of teaching study and doing exercise question or task in the last meeting are used in this research. The result are: (1) The increasing of college student understanding toward technique demography study material, average score in post  test higher (57,76) than average score in pre test (30,42); (2) There is a significant relationship between understanding level with collage student study achievement, r-count (0,396) higher than r-table (0,361) in significant level 5% and N = 30.

scholarly journals Application Design of Catfish Species Specification

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6S2) ◽  
pp. 1013-1017
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
System Program ◽  
Or Task ◽  
Application Design

The system is a program inside of the computer and the task is to complete specific need or task. In its development, the system program has been developed for various fields, for example in determining the specification of catfish species. Catfish is a type of fish that live in fresh water. Catfish is easily recognized because their body is slippery, slightly flat elongated, and has long "mustache" that sticks out from around the mouth. Therefore, the researchers wrote this paper to improve service for the society and to facilitate the community in determining the type of catfish.

scholarly journals Evolution, Appearance, and Occupational Success

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 147470491201000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony C. Little ◽  
S. Craig Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Skills ◽  
General Term ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Facial Appearance ◽  
Occupational Success ◽  
Occupational Outcomes ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Election Results ◽  
Or Task

Visual characteristics, including facial appearance, are thought to play an important role in a variety of judgments and decisions that have real occupational outcomes in many settings. Indeed, there is growing evidence suggesting that appearance influences hiring decisions and even election results. For example, attractive individuals are more likely to be hired, taller men earn more, and the facial appearance of candidates has been linked to real election outcomes. In this article, we review evidence linking physical appearance to occupational success and evaluate the hypothesis that appearance based biases are consistent with predictions based on evolutionary theories of coalition formation and leadership choice. We discuss why appearance based effects are so pervasive, addressing ideas about a “kernel of truth” in attributions and about coalitional psychology. We additionally highlight that appearance may be differently related to success at work according to the types of job or task involved. For example, leaders may be chosen because the characteristics they possess are seen as best suited to lead in particular situations. During a time of war, a dominant-appearing leader may inspire confidence and intimidate enemies while during peace-time, when negotiation and diplomacy are needed, interpersonal skills may outweigh the value of a dominant leader. In line with these ideas, masculine-faced leaders are favored in war-time scenarios while feminine-faced leaders are favored in peace-time scenarios. We suggest that such environment or task specific competencies may be prevalent during selection processes, whereby individuals whose appearance best matches perceived task competences are most likely selected, and propose the general term “task-congruent selection” to describe these effects. Overall, our review highlights how potentially adaptive biases could influence choices in the work place. With respect to certain biases, understanding their origin and current prevalence is important in order to potentially reduce discrimination in the work place.

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