scholarly journals Productivity, Private and Public Capital, and Real Wage in the United States 1948-1990

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon J. Erenburg
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Real Wage ◽  
Public Capital ◽  
The United States ◽  
Private And Public

scholarly journals Crop Insurance and the New Deal Roots of Agricultural Financialization in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 648-680
Author(s):  
SHANE HAMILTON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Crop Insurance ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
American Agriculture

A range of private and public institutions emerged in the United States in the years before and after the Great Depression to help farmers confront the inherent uncertainty of agricultural production and marketing. This included a government-owned and operated insurance enterprise offering “all-risk” coverage to American farmers beginning in 1938. Crop insurance, initially developed as a social insurance program, was beset by pervasive problems of adverse selection and moral hazard. As managers and policy makers responded to those problems from the 1940s on, they reshaped federal crop insurance in ways that increasingly made the scheme a lever of financialization, a means of disciplining individual farmers to think of farming in abstract terms of risk management. Crop insurance became intertwined with important changes in the economic context of agriculture by the 1960s, including the emergence of the “technological treadmill,” permanently embedding financialized risk management into the political economy of American agriculture.

Medical Expenditures on and by Immigrant Populations in the United States: A Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lila Flavin ◽  
Leah Zallman ◽  
Danny McCormick ◽  
J. Wesley Boyd
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Health Care Policy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Health Insurance Markets ◽  
Private And Public

In health care policy debates, discussion centers around the often-misperceived costs of providing medical care to immigrants. This review seeks to compare health care expenditures of U.S. immigrants to those of U.S.-born individuals and evaluate the role which immigrants play in the rising cost of health care. We systematically examined all post-2000, peer-reviewed studies in PubMed related to health care expenditures by immigrants written in English in the United States. The reviewers extracted data independently using a standardized approach. Immigrants’ overall expenditures were one-half to two-thirds those of U.S.-born individuals, across all assessed age groups, regardless of immigration status. Per capita expenditures from private and public insurance sources were lower for immigrants, particularly expenditures for undocumented immigrants. Immigrant individuals made larger out-of-pocket health care payments compared to U.S.-born individuals. Overall, immigrants almost certainly paid more toward medical expenses than they withdrew, providing a low-risk pool that subsidized the public and private health insurance markets. We conclude that insurance and medical care should be made more available to immigrants rather than less so.

American myths of linguistic assimilation: A sociolinguistic rebuttal

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Daniel Erker ◽  
Ricardo Otheguy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
The United States ◽  
Subject Position ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Grammatical Subject ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Linguistic Behavior

Abstract This study examines the behavior of 331 Spanish speakers, 269 immigrants to the United States and sixty-two native-born individuals, through questionnaires and sociolinguistic interviews. Results show that increased US life experience correlates with expanded use of English in both private and public domains of life. Additionally, greater use of English co-exists with maintenance of fine-grained patterns of structured linguistic variation in Spanish, such that US-born speakers demonstrate remarkable similarity to the immigrant generation in their usage of three variables: (i) subject pronoun presence vs. absence, (ii) grammatical subject position, and (iii) syllable-final /s/. The co-occurence of increased use of English, on one hand, and intergenerational structural continuity in variable linguistic behavior in Spanish, on the other, challenges two misconceptions about Spanish in the United States: that (a) Spanish-speaking immigrants and their US-born children are unwilling or unable to learn English, and (b) regular use of English entails attrition and/or failed acquisition of Spanish. Neither of these views finds empirical support in our data. (Spanish in the United States, comparative variationist linguistics, subject personal pronouns, grammatical subject position, syllable final /s/, bilingualism)

The Real Wage-Employment Relationship in the United States

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (1, Part 1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Nickell ◽  
James Symons
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Real Wage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Employment Relationship ◽  
The Real ◽  
Wage Employment

Effect of Hospital Characteristics on Performance of Pediatric Digit Replantation in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neill Y. Li ◽  
Justin E. Kleiner ◽  
Edward J. Testa ◽  
Nicholas J. Lemme ◽  
Avi D. Goodman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Teaching Status ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Subsequent Revision ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Hospital Characteristics

Abstract Introduction Utilize a national pediatric database to assess whether hospital characteristics such as location, teaching status, ownership, or size impact the performance of pediatric digit replantation following traumatic digit amputation in the United States. Materials and Methods The Kid’s Inpatient Database (KID) was used to query pediatric traumatic digit amputations between 2000 and 2012. Ownership (private and public), teaching status (teaching and non-teaching), location (urban and rural), hospital type (general and children’s), and size (large and small-medium) characteristics were evaluated. Replantations were then divided into those that required subsequent revision replantation or amputation. Fisher’s exact tests and multivariable logistic regressions were performed with p <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results Overall, 1,015 pediatric patients were included for the digit replantation cohort. Hospitals that were privately owned, general, large, urban, or teaching had a significantly greater number of replantations than small-medium, rural, non-teaching, public, or children’s hospitals. Privately owned (odds ratio [OR]: 1.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–3.06; p = 0.03) and urban (OR: 2.29; 95% CI: 1.41–3.73; p = 0.005) hospitals were significantly more likely to perform replantation. Urban (OR: 4.02; 95% CI: 1.90–8.47; p = 0.0003) and teaching (OR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.17–3.83; p = 0.014) hospitals were significantly more likely to perform a revision procedure following primary replantation. Conclusion Private and urban hospitals were significantly more likely to perform replantation, but urban and teaching hospitals carried a greater number of revision procedures following replantation. Despite risk of requiring revision, the treatment of pediatric digit amputations in private, urban, and teaching centers provide the greatest likelihood for an attempt at replantation in the pediatric population. The study shows Level of Evidence III.

Representation and Power in International Organization: the Operational Constitution and its Critics

2009 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Katz Cogan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Executive Directors ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Foregone Conclusion

In 2005, when James Wolfensohn announced that he would not seek a third term as president of the World Bank, few doubted that another United States national, the choice of the U.S. president, would take his place. Each of the previous eight presidents of the bank had been an American, dating back to the international financial institution's establishment in 1946,and despite private and public grousing by some over the Bush administration's eventual choice of Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz as Wolfensohn's successor, the appointment was never truly in jeopardy. When the bank's executive directors met to elect a new president, the vote was a foregone conclusion—not because the United States holds a majority of votes itself (it does not), but because a longstanding informal agreement between the United States and the bank's western European stakeholders prescribed that outcome.

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