Quantitative Relationship between Monetary Growth and Human Output

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Diedrich Kreft
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Relationship

A Tight Connection Among Wealth, Income, Sustainability, and Accounting in an Ultra-Simplified Setting

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin L. Weitzman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Relationship ◽  
Level Of Abstraction ◽  
Tight Connection ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

In theory, and under some very strong assumptions, there exists a tight quantitative relationship among the following four fundamental economic concepts: (1) ‘wealth’; (2) ‘income’; (3) ‘sustainability’; (4) ‘accounting’. These four basic concepts are placed in quotation marks here because a necessary first step will be to carefully and rigorously define what exactly is meant by each. This chapter reviews what is known about this important fourfold quantitative relationship in an ultra-simplified setting. It identifies some basic applications of this simplified economic theory of wealth and income (and sustainability and accounting). While the contents of this chapter are expressed at a very high level of abstraction and require many restrictive assumptions, the fundamental fourfold relationship it sharply highlights should be useful for conceptualizing, at least in principle, what is ‘wealth’ and what is its theoretical relationship to ‘income’, ‘sustainability’, and ‘accounting’.

scholarly journals The Dynamic Response of Nitrogen Transformation to the Dissolved Oxygen Variations in the Simulated Biofilm Reactor

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3633
Author(s):  
Qianqian Lu ◽  
Nannan Zhang ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Miao Zhang ◽  
Dehua Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Nitrogen Transformation ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nirs Gene ◽  
Biofilm Reactors ◽  
Recovery Times

Lab-scale simulated biofilm reactors, including aerated reactors disturbed by short-term aeration interruption (AE-D) and non-aerated reactors disturbed by short-term aeration (AN-D), were established to study the stable-state (SS) formation and recovery after disturbance for nitrogen transformation in terms of dissolved oxygen (DO), removal efficiency (RE) of NH4+-N and NO3−-N and activity of key nitrogen-cycle functional genes amoA and nirS (RNA level abundance, per ball). SS formation and recovery of DO were completed in 0.56–7.75 h after transition between aeration (Ae) and aeration stop (As). In terms of pollutant REs, new temporary SS formation required 30.7–52.3 h after Ae and As interruptions, and seven-day Ae/As interruptions required 5.0% to 115.5% longer recovery times compared to one-day interruptions in AE-D and AN-D systems. According to amoA activity, 60.8 h were required in AE-D systems to establish new temporary SS after As interruptions, and RNA amoA copies (copy number/microliter) decreased 88.5%, while 287.2 h were required in AN-D systems, and RNA amoA copies (copy number/microliter) increased 36.4 times. For nirS activity, 75.2–85.8 h were required to establish new SSs after Ae and As interruptions. The results suggested that new temporary SS formation and recovery in terms of DO, pollutant REs and amoA and nirS gene activities could be modelled by logistic functions. It is concluded that temporary SS formation and recovery after Ae and As interruptions occurred at asynchronous rates in terms of DO, pollutant REs and amoA and nirS gene activities. Because of DO fluctuations, the quantitative relationship between gene activity and pollutant RE remains a challenge.

scholarly journals Pairwise maximum entropy model explains the role of white matter structure in shaping emergent co-activation states

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arian Ashourvan ◽  
Preya Shah ◽  
Adam Pines ◽  
Shi Gu ◽  
Christopher W. Lynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Maximum Entropy Model ◽  
Entropy Model ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Co Activation

AbstractA major challenge in neuroscience is determining a quantitative relationship between the brain’s white matter structural connectivity and emergent activity. We seek to uncover the intrinsic relationship among brain regions fundamental to their functional activity by constructing a pairwise maximum entropy model (MEM) of the inter-ictal activation patterns of five patients with medically refractory epilepsy over an average of ~14 hours of band-passed intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings per patient. We find that the pairwise MEM accurately predicts iEEG electrodes’ activation patterns’ probability and their pairwise correlations. We demonstrate that the estimated pairwise MEM’s interaction weights predict structural connectivity and its strength over several frequencies significantly beyond what is expected based solely on sampled regions’ distance in most patients. Together, the pairwise MEM offers a framework for explaining iEEG functional connectivity and provides insight into how the brain’s structural connectome gives rise to large-scale activation patterns by promoting co-activation between connected structures.

scholarly journals PRODUCTION OF ULTRASTRUCTURAL MEMBRANE LESIONS BY THE FIFTH COMPONENT OF COMPLEMENT

1971 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret J. Polley ◽  
Hans J. Müller-Eberhard ◽  
Joseph D. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Intermediate Complex ◽  
Reaction Sequence ◽  
Immune Hemolysis ◽  
Physical Presence ◽  
Reverse Situation

A direct quantitative relationship has been demonstrated between the number of cell bound C4,2 complexes or C5 molecules and the number of ultrastructural lesions visualized on the cell membrane subsequent to immune hemolysis. When bound C4,2 complexes exceeded bound C5 molecules, the number of ultrastructural lesions seen corresponded to the number of C5 molecules. However, in the reverse situation, with bound C5 molecules in excess of bound C4,2 complexes, the latter determined the number of lesions. During the complement-reaction sequence, the lesions first became visible in the nonlytic intermediate complex EAC1,4,2,3,5 and their number was unaffected when lysis was induced by C6–C9. Since the lesions were also demonstrable on the intermediate complex EC5,6,7, it is concluded that the protein C5 is responsible for their production. Once formed, the physical presence of the C5 molecule is no longer required for the manifestation of the lesions as indicated by persistence of lesions after removal of C5 protein by trypsin. The C5-dependent ultra-structural phenomenon has therefore been interpreted to represent a true structural change of the membrane which, however, is not accompanied by a permeability defect.

scholarly journals Solar Climate Features Taking into Account the Morphometric Conditions of the Area and the Possibility of Using Them in Heliotherapy on the Example of the Cieplice and Kołobrzeg Health Resorts (Poland)

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
Dawid Szatten ◽  
Mirosław Więcław
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Global Solar Radiation ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Entropy Model ◽  
Health Treatment ◽  
Health Resorts

Global solar radiation is an important atmospheric stimulus affecting the human body and has been used in heliotherapy for years. In addition to environmental factors, the effectiveness of global solar radiation is increasingly influenced by human activity. This research was based on the use of heliographic and actinometric data (1996–2015) and the model distribution of global solar radiation to determine the possibility of heliotherapy with the example of two health resorts: Cieplice and Kołobrzeg (Poland). The solar features of health resorts (sunshine duration and global solar radiation) were characterized, and they were correlated with the spatial distribution of global solar radiation data obtained with the use of remote sensing techniques (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyzes-SAGA), including COoRdination and INformation on the Environment (CORINE) land cover (CLC) data. Using the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt), a qualitative and quantitative relationship between morphometric parameters and solar climate features was demonstrated for individual land cover types. Studies have shown that the period of late spring and summer, due to the climate’s solar features, is advisable for the use of heliotherapy. The human activity that determines the land cover is the main element influencing the spatial differentiation of the possibilities of using this form of health treatment. It also affects topographic indicators shown as significant in the MaxEnt predictive model. In general, areas with high openness were shown as predisposed for health treatment using global solar radiation, which is not consistent with areas commonly used for heliotherapy. The conducted research has shown the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the issue of heliotherapy, which will contribute to the optimization of the use of this form of health treatment from the perspective of climate change and human pressure.

scholarly journals COR/LEA Proteins as Indicators of Frost Tolerance in Triticeae: A Comparison of Controlled versus Field Conditions

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 789
Author(s):  
Klára Kosová ◽  
Miroslav Klíma ◽  
Ilja Tom Prášil ◽  
Pavel Vítámvás
Keyword(s):  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Late Embryogenesis Abundant ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Lea Proteins ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Vernalisation Requirement

Low temperatures in the autumn induce enhanced expression/relative accumulation of several cold-inducible transcripts/proteins with protective functions from Late-embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) superfamily including dehydrins. Several studies dealing with plants grown under controlled conditions revealed a correlation (significant quantitative relationship) between dehydrin transcript/protein relative accumulation and plant frost tolerance. However, to apply these results in breeding, field experiments are necessary. The aim of the review is to provide a summary of the studies dealing with the relationships between plant acquired frost tolerance and COR/LEA transcripts/proteins relative accumulation in cereals grown in controlled and field conditions. The impacts of cold acclimation and vernalisation processes on the ability of winter-type Triticeae to accumulate COR/LEA proteins are discussed. The factors determining dehydrin relative accumulation under controlled cold acclimation treatments versus field trials during winter seasons are discussed. In conclusion, it can be stated that dehydrins could be used as suitable indicators of winter survival in field-grown winter cereals but only in plant prior to the fulfilment of vernalisation requirement.

scholarly journals Experimental and numerical investigation on total pressure distortion generated by a rectangular movable flat baffle

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 168781402199439
Author(s):  
Baofeng Tu ◽  
Bin Xuan ◽  
Chuanpeng Li ◽  
Xinyu Zhang ◽  
Jun Hu
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Total Pressure ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Interface Plane ◽  
Detached Eddy Simulation ◽  
Insertion Depth ◽  
Distortion Coefficient ◽  
Pressure Region ◽  
Blocking Coefficient

A distortion generator equipped with a motor-activated movable flat baffle was installed just upstream of a rectangular plenum entrance to investigate the effects of inlet total pressure distortion on the stability and performance of an auxiliary power unit (APU). Experiments and numerical simulations on a direct connect scale inlet model of the APU were carried out to obtain a quantitative relationship between the insertion depth of the flat baffle in the flow stream and the total pressure distortion intensity and region. In the experiments, the blocking coefficient and total pressure distortion coefficient were controlled by adjusting the insertion depth of the flat baffle and the mass flow. In the simulations, detailed flow field was analyzed based on the detached-eddy simulation (DES) method. The results show that the pressure distribution of the distorted flow on the aerodynamic interface plane (AIP) can be divided into a high-pressure region, a transition region, and a low-pressure region. The area affected by the distorted flow was larger than the inserting area of the flat baffle. That area was more related to the relative blocking coefficient, and less affected by the mass flow. The total pressure distortion coefficient had a linear relationship with the mass flow rate and is positively correlated with the relative blocking coefficient. As the relative blocking coefficient increased to a certain value, an exponential growth in the total pressure distortion coefficient occurred, and consequently, the flow field distortion was intensified. In the flow field, a pair of corner vortices were formed at the corner between the flat baffle and the bottom wall of the inlet pipe, and a large separation zone was formed behind the flat baffle and exhibits certain unsteady characteristics.

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