Static Stability in Games

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igal Milchtaich
Keyword(s):  
Static Stability

Wachstum und Wertleistung der Douglasie in Abhängigkeit von der Standraumgestaltung

2012 ◽  
Vol 163 (3) ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Klädtke ◽  
Ulrich Kohnle ◽  
Edgar Kublin ◽  
Andreas Ehring ◽  
Hans Pretzsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wood Quality ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Monetary Analysis ◽  
Starting Conditions ◽  
Tree Number ◽  
Clear Differentiation ◽  
Further Development

Growth and value production of Douglas-fir under varying stand densities The investigation is focused on the effects of initial tree number and thinning on growth and value performance of Douglas-fir stands. Data base is a coordinated Douglas-fir spacing experiment in South Germany, started 40 years ago and comprising variants of tree numbers with 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 Douglas-firs per hectare. The treatment was performed according to a standardized experiment program. The results show that at low initial tree numbers, the diameter on breast height (DBH) of (pre)dominant trees at the beginning of the observations (with 12 m top height) is bigger than at higher initial plant numbers. Accordingly, the quotient of height (H) to DBH (as an indicator for tree's static stability) is lower. The further development of DBH and H/DBH quotient is decisively determined by stand treatment, which superimposes the effect of the initial tree number. The total volume growth shows a clear differentiation, too, the variants with initially high tree numbers appearing on top. In the monetary analysis, this ranking is reversed: despite a supposed inferior wood quality, the variants with lower initial tree numbers clearly outperform the ones with higher numbers in terms of value. From these results, the following silvicultural recommendations for Douglas-fir can be derived: the initial tree numbers should be in the range from 1,000 to 2,000 plants per hectare. On technically not accessible sites, even lower tree numbers may come into question. The strong influence of stand treatment on DBH and H/DBH development highlights the problem of postponed thinnings, for this causes growth and stability losses even under favorable starting conditions in terms of competition.

scholarly journals Aerodynamics of inclined cylindrical bodies free-flying in a hypersonic flowfield

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick M. Seltner ◽  
Sebastian Willems ◽  
Ali Gülhan ◽  
Eric C. Stern ◽  
Joseph M. Brock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Free Flight ◽  
Aerodynamic Coefficients ◽  
Flow Topology ◽  
Motion Data ◽  
Continuous Rotation ◽  
German Aerospace

Abstract The influence of the flight attitude on aerodynamic coefficients and static stability of cylindrical bodies in hypersonic flows is of interest in understanding the re/entry of space debris, meteoroid fragments, launch-vehicle stages and other rotating objects. Experiments were therefore carried out in the hypersonic wind tunnel H2K at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Cologne. A free-flight technique was employed in H2K, which enables a continuous rotation of the cylinder without any sting interferences in a broad angular range from 0$$^{\circ }$$ ∘ to 90$$^{\circ }$$ ∘ . A high-speed stereo-tracking technique measured the model motion during free-flight and high-speed schlieren provided documentation of the flow topology. Aerodynamic coefficients were determined in careful post-processing, based on the measured 6-degrees-of-freedom (6DoF) motion data. Numerical simulations by NASA’s flow solvers Cart3D and US3D were performed for comparison purposes. As a result, the experimental and numerical data show a good agreement. The inclination of the cylinder strongly effects both the flowfield and aerodynamic loads. Experiments and simulations with concave cylinders showed marked difference in aerodynamic behavior due to the presence of a shock–shock interaction (SSI) near the middle of the model. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals Characteristics of Extratropical Cyclones That Cause Tornadoes in Italy: A Preliminary Study

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Eigo Tochimoto ◽  
Mario Marcello Miglietta ◽  
Leonardo Bagaglini ◽  
Roberto Ingrosso ◽  
Hiroshi Niino
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Convective Available Potential Energy ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Extratropical Cyclones ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Strong Evaporation

Characteristics of extratropical cyclones that cause tornadoes in Italy are investigated. Tornadoes between 2007 and 2016 are analyzed, and statistical analysis of the associated cyclone structures and environments is performed using the JRA-55 reanalysis. Tornadoes are distributed sporadically around the cyclone location within a window of 10° × 10°. The difference in the cyclone tracks partially explains the seasonal variability in the distribution of tornadoes. The highest number of tornadoes occur south of the cyclone centers, mainly in the warm sector, while a few are observed along the cold front. Composite mesoscale parameters are examined to identify the environmental conditions associated with tornadoes in different seasons. Potential instability is favorable to tornado development in autumn. The highest convective available potential energy (CAPE) in this season is associated with relatively high-temperature and humidity at low-levels, mainly due to the strong evaporation over the warm Mediterranean Sea. Upper-level potential vorticity (PV) anomalies and the associated cold air reduce the static stability above the cyclone center, mainly in spring and winter. On average, the values of CAPE are lower than for US tornadoes and comparable with those occurring in Japan, while storm relative helicity (SREH) is comparable with US tornadoes and higher than Japanese tornadoes, indicating that the environmental conditions for Italian tornadoes have peculiar characteristics. Overall, the conditions emerging in this study are close to the high-shear, low-CAPE environments typical of cool-season tornadoes in the Southeastern US.

Effects of hostile solutions on the static and dynamic behavior of carbon/epoxy composites

2021 ◽  
pp. 002199832110200
Author(s):  
H Ersen Balcıoğlu ◽  
Raif Sakin ◽  
Halit Gün
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Laminated Composites ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Laminated Composite ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Three Point Bending ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Solution Type

Fiber-reinforced laminated composite is often used in harsh environments that may affect their static stability and long-term durability as well as residual strength. In this study, the effect of heavy chemical environments such as acid and alkaline and retaining time for these environments on flexural strength and flexural fatigue behavior of carbon/epoxy laminated composites were investigated. In this context, carbon/epoxy was retained into an acidic and alkaline solution having 5%, 15%, and 25% concentration by weight for 1–4 months. Fatigue behavior of carbon/epoxy was determined under dynamic flexural load, which corresponds to 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, and 40% of static three-point bending strength of the test sample. SEM image of damaged specimens was taken to describe the failure mechanism of damage which occurs after fatigue. Also, to better understand environmental condition on the fatigue life, results were compared with results of carbon/epoxy laminated composites, which were not retained into any environments (unretained). The test results showed that the solution type, solution concentration, and retaining time caused noticeable changes in the static and dynamic strengths of carbon/epoxy laminated composites.

Structural design and gait research of a new bionic quadruped robot

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440542199566
Author(s):  
Jiu-Peng Chen ◽  
Hong-Jun San ◽  
Xing Wu ◽  
Bin-Zhou Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Stability Margin ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Quadruped Robot ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Linkage Mechanism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Planning Algorithm ◽  
Planning Experiment ◽  
Strength And Stiffness ◽  
Foot Trajectory

Quadruped bionic robot has a strong adaptability to the environment, compared with wheeled and tracked robots, it has superior motion performance, and has a wide range of application prospects in rescue and disaster relief, ground mine clearance, mountain transportation, so it has become a research hotspot all over the world. Leg structure is an important embodiment of the superior performance of quadruped robot, and it is also the key and difficult point of design. This article proposes a novel quadruped robot with waist structure, which can complete a variety of gait forms. Based on the theory of linkage mechanism, a novel leg structure is designed with anti-parallelogram mechanism, which improves the strength and stiffness of the robot. Using D-H description method, the kinematics analysis of this quadruped robot single leg is carried out. On this basis, in order to ensure the foot contact with the ground and achieve zero impact, polynomial programming is used to plan the foot trajectory of swing phase and support phase. Based on the static stability margin, the optimal static gait of the quadruped robot is planned. A co-simulation study has been carried out to investigate further the validity and effectiveness of the quadruped robot on gait. The simulation results clearly show the robot can walk steadily and its input and output meet the expected requirements. The solid prototype platform is built, and the trajectory planning experiment of single leg is carried out, and the foot trajectory of single leg is obtained by using laser tracker. The gait planning algorithm is applied to the whole robot, and the results show that the robot can walk according to the scheduled gait, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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