Constructing the Distinct Urban Form: The Integration of Political, Economic and Social Factors in Hong Kong and Singapore

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith P. Y. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Political Economic

The Role of Politics in the Historical Transport Networks of the Iberian Peninsula and the Pyrenees from Roman Times to the Nineteenth Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-260
Author(s):  
Pau de Soto ◽  
Cèsar Carreras
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Transport Network ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Transport Networks ◽  
Political Economic

AbstractTransport routes are basic elements that are inextricably linked to diverse political, economic, and social factors. Transport networks may be the cause or result of complex historical conjunctions that reflect to some extent a structural conception of the political systems that govern each territory. It is for this reason that analyzing the evolution of the transport routes layout in a wide territory allows us to recognize the role of the political organization and its economic influence in territorial design. In this article, the evolution of the transport network in the Iberian Peninsula has been studied in a broad chronological framework to observe how the different political systems of each period understood and modified the transport systems. Subsequently, a second analysis of the evolution of transport networks in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula is included in this article. This more detailed and geographically restricted study allows us to visualize in a different way the evolution and impact of changes in transport networks. This article focuses on the calculation of the connectivity to analyze the intermodal transport systems. The use of network science analyses to study historical roads has resulted in a great tool to visualize and understand the connectivity of the territories of each studied period and compare the evolution, changes, and continuities of the transport network.

Spaces of Exclusion: The Significance of Cultural Identity in the Formation of European Residential Districts in British Hong Kong, 1877–1904

10.1068/d310 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Alex Bremner ◽  
David P Y Lung
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Social History ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
European Population ◽  
Capital City ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Residential District ◽  
Cultural Self

In this paper we discuss the role and significance of European cultural identity in the formation of the urban environment in 19th-century and early-20th-century British Hong Kong. Our purpose is to offer an alternative reading of the social history of Hong Kong-the orthodox accounts of which remain largely predominant in the general historical understanding of that society-by examining the machinations that surrounded attempts by the European colonial elite to control the production of urban form and space in the capital city of Hong Kong, Victoria. Here the European Residential District ordinance of 1888 (along with other related ordinances) is considered in detail. An examination of European cultural self-perception and the construction of colonial identity is made by considering not only the actual ways in which urban form and space were manipulated through these ordinances but also the visual representation of the city in art. Here the intersection between ideas and images concerning civil society, cultural identity, architecture, and the official practices of colonial urban planning is demonstrated. It is argued that this coalescing of ideas, images, and practices in the colonial environment of British Hong Kong not only led to the racialisation of urban form and space there but also contributed to the apparent anxiety exhibited by the European population over the preservation of their own identity through the immediacy of the built environment.

scholarly journals Environmental attitudes and behaviors among secondary students in Hong Kong

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liz Jackson ◽  
Ming Fai Pang ◽  
Emma Brown ◽  
Sean Cain ◽  
Caroline Dingle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Environmental Attitudes ◽  
International Schools ◽  
School Type ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Students Attitudes ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – Although researchers have identified correlations between specific attitudes and particular behaviors in the pro-environmental domain, the general relationship between young people’s development of environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors is not well understood. Past research indicates that geographic context can play a role, while social factors such as age and gender can have a more significant impact on predicting attitudes and behaviors than formal education. Few studies have systematically examined the relationships between education and environmental attitudes and behaviors among youth in Hong Kong. The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of a study comparing secondary school students’ environmental attitudes and behaviors with age and related factors in two international schools and two government schools in Hong Kong. Students’ attitudes and behaviors were compared based on school type (curriculum), while the authors additionally compared the significance of social factors and attitudes on students’ behaviors. Design/methodology/approach – Attitudes were measured using the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) and the NEP for Children (NEPC), the most commonly used, internationally standardized tools for investigating environmental attitudes and values of adults and young people for comparative purposes. The authors compared NEP/NEPC scores and student self-reported environmental behaviors using a short questionnaire. Findings – No significant differences were found in attitudes or behaviors based on school type. However the authors did observe a significant effect of gender and age on students’ attitudes, and a significant correlation of student attitudes in the NEP with students’ self-reports regarding air conditioning consumption. Originality/value – This study builds a foundation for cross-national studies and for evaluating the impact of curricula over time.

Location variation in Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wai Yan Rebecca Siu
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
American Sign Language ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
American Sign ◽  
Sociolinguistic Variation ◽  
Citation Form ◽  
Hong Kong Sign Language ◽  
New Zealand Sign Language

Abstract This paper presents results from a study of sociolinguistic variation in Hong Kong Sign Language (HKSL). Specifically, it reports findings about location variation in a class of signs like know that are produced at/above the signer’s forehead in their citation form, but are sometimes articulated at a lower location in everyday conversation. Eight hundred tokens of target signs from 40 signers were analyzed. As also found in studies of location ‘dropping’ in similar signs in American Sign Language, Australian Sign Language, and New Zealand Sign Language, variation in HKSL correlates with linguistic and social factors in a systematic way (Lucas, Bayley, & Valli, 2001; Schembri, McKee, McKee, Pivac, Johnston, & Goswell, 2009). A comparison of findings across these four languages is presented and discussed. The results of the present study suggest that a set of forehead-located signs that express the names of deaf schools may have affected results due to their salience. The work environment (i.e., sign language related work roles) of participants may also affect ‘careful’ versus lowered production of forehead signs.

Lady Justice or the golden calf? The “China factor” in Hong Kong’s legal system

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-196
Author(s):  
Yan-Ho Lai
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Joint Declaration ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
Twentieth Anniversary ◽  
Political Economic

Purpose Despite the preservation of “One Country, Two Systems” for 50 years under the Sino-British Joint Declaration and Basic Law, changes are palpable due to the emergence of a real contest between liberal and pro-China actors in the legal profession and the legal environment in Hong Kong. After celebrating the twentieth anniversary of Hong Kong’s sovereignty transfer from Britain to China, it is valuable to study how the sovereign power influence the rule of law in its semiautonomous city by non-legal measures. This paper aims to offer a preliminary research on China’s political economic strategy, which is regarded as the “China factor”, in the legal system of Hong Kong, and its political, economic and legal-cultural impacts on the rule of law. Design/methodology/approach This paper argues that China exerts its influence over the legal system of Hong Kong in four domains, including ideology, political elections, legal organization and cross-border political economy. Based on media research and content analysis over published materials of various legal associations and institutions, it is found that China attempts to consolidate its control in Hong Kong by producing alternative legal ideology and discourse of the rule of law and by co-opting the legal profession under China’s united front strategy. Findings While there are liberal lawyers and legal scholars vocally engaging in defense of human rights and the rule of law in Hong Kong, a network of legal profession promoting socialist and authoritarian legal values has become prominent. Hong Kong’s legal culture will continue to be shaped in accordance with authoritarian characteristics and will adversely affect developing the rule of law in this international city. Originality/value This paper contributes to the study of China’s influence over the legal profession of Hong Kong and in general Hong Kong’s jurisdiction by offering an example to the international community that contributes towards understanding how China adopts different strategies to expand political significance beyond its border.

What Happened to Gender Relations on the Way from Chicago to Los Angeles?

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne Spain
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
World War ◽  
Urban Theory ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
Cultural Forces ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Way

From the Chicago human ecologists to the Los Angeles postmodernists, urban theorists have tried to understand how space is structured by technological, political, economic, and cultural forces; gender is seldom examined. Yet both women’s status and urban form underwent significant changes following World War II. As the home became less predictably the center of women’s lives, the monocentric city was evolving into the polycentric metropolis. This article suggests that gender relations also have spatial implications for the metropolis, and that urban theory would be more comprehensive if it incorporated historically parallel developments in the literature on gender and space.

Institutions for Amending Constitutions

2019 ◽  
pp. 155-176
Author(s):  
Cristina Bucur ◽  
Bjørn Erik Rasch
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Constitutional Amendment ◽  
Constitutional Change ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Constitutional Changes

This chapter focuses on the link between amendment institutions and formal constitutional changes. The authors’ survey of the extensive literature on constitutional amendment procedures and their consequences for constitutional adjustment highlights the lack of agreement about key mechanisms of constitutional change. Despite the increase in the availability of data on constitutions and the continuing sophistication of research methods and measures, there is still no consensus on the extent to which amendment procedures influence the pace of formal constitutional change. The authors argue that amendment institutions provide only a partial explanation of constitutional change, which also needs to take into account a number of additional political, economic, and social factors.

scholarly journals High-throughput profiling of health-associated political, economic, commercial and social factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J L Sandoval ◽  
D de Ridder ◽  
S Stringhini ◽  
I Guessous
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
Large Country ◽  
Particulate Emission ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Murder Rate ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Political Economic

Abstract Background Political, economic, commercial and social factors have considerable impact in shaping health outcomes. Yet, most research is hypothesis-driven and, probably, not fully exploring the available data. We aimed at adapting gene expression profiling methods to perform unsupervised high-throughput profiling analysis of large databases of country indicators associated with life expectancy at birth. Methods We analysed 464 World Bank development indicators for 217 countries using a Limma software R package. We established the differentially represented indicators (DRIs) between countries in the first and third terciles of life expectancy at birth. The analysis was stratified according to high (HIC), middle- (MIC) or low-income (LIC) status. Indicator profiles by development category were compared to determine overlaps and group-specific DRIs. Confounder-adjusted multivariable linear regression models were used to validate chosen DRIs. Results We identified 99 DRIs for HICs, 7 for MICs and 190 for LICs. One DRI was common to all categories - “particulate emission damage (% of GNI)” (adjusted p.value=7.3E-5). This DRI was negatively associated with life expectancy despite adjustment for GDP per capita (GDP), human capital index (HCI) and development classification (Beta=-2.7, p < 0.001). We also analysed the 7 identified gender-related DRIs. Only female murder rate (per 100 000 females) was negatively associated with life expectancy, independently of GDP, HCI, GINI index, education parity indexes, overall and male murder rates (Beta=-2.1, p = 0.001). This association was found in HICs (p = 0.001) and MICs (p = 0.03), but not in LICs (p = 0.4). Conclusions Bioinformatics methods could help to analyse large country level datasets, allowing the profiling of DRIs and identify potential new determinants of health or health-associated indicators. Key messages Using bioinformatics tools can be useful in uncovering health-associated indicators for global health. Particulate emission damage or female murder rate could represent potential important determinants of health or health-associated indicators.

Teaching journalism in a second language

English Today ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-9
Author(s):  
Barry Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
International Business ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Hong Kong Students ◽  
The Media ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Colonial Government

JOURNALISM is a craft that uses language as its tools. It involves a close embrace with the linguistic medium of its transactions. Hong Kong students studying journalism in English are doubly disadvantaged by their lack of familiarity with English and by the role of English as a prestige language in a society that mostly speaks another tongue. English is used in a narrow range of contexts in Hong Kong: in elite domains of international business; as the language of colonial government; among the expatriates who play key roles in the political, economic and cultural life of the territory; and in the classroom where hundreds of thousands of primary to tertiary students labour under archaic methods of teaching that emphasise grammatical rules and rote learning of set texts. English is not used in the street, in the media or in the home of the average Hong Konger. It is a foreign language.

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