Methodological Challenges in Measuring Cost and Quality of Access to Justice

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Gramatikov
Keyword(s):  
Access To Justice ◽  
Methodological Challenges

scholarly journals Investigating the association between medication adherence and health-related quality of life in COPD: Methodological challenges when using a proxy measure of adherence

2016 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melinde R.S. Boland ◽  
Job F.M. van Boven ◽  
Annemarije L. Kruis ◽  
Niels H. Chavannes ◽  
Thys van der Molen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Proxy Measure ◽  
Health Related

Can You Hear Me Now? Attorney Perceptions of Interpretation, Technology, and Power in Immigration Court

2021 ◽  
pp. 233150242110347
Author(s):  
Maya P Barak
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Technology Improvement ◽  
Communication And Technology ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Legal Sociology

The Executive Office for Immigration Review houses America's trial-level immigration courts, which adjudicate hundreds of thousands of cases annually, many resulting in deportations. Most proceedings require interpretation and all rely heavily upon technology. Yet, we know little about communication and technology in these hearings, and even less about the views of attorneys who navigate this system daily. I examine the effects courtroom interpretation and technology have on immigrant voices as described in interviews with immigration attorneys representing clients facing deportation. Attorneys overwhelmingly characterize the court as procedurally unjust, pinpointing how flaws in interpretation, telephonic conferencing, and videoconferencing offer the illusion of due process. Drawing upon criminology, legal sociology, and linguistics, this study finds profound improvements are needed to ensure due process in the nation's immigration courts, including: Elimination of telephonic and videoconferencing in all but extreme circumstances. Modernization of telephonic and videoconference technology. Improvement of interpreter standards and working conditions. Education of attorneys, judges, and interpreters regarding challenges inherent to courtroom interpretation and technology. Although enhancing the quality of interpretation and technology protocols may improve immigrants’ access to justice in immigration court, meaningful immigration court reforms should reduce the need for an immigration court altogether.

Marketisation and competition in criminal legal aid: implications for access to justice

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-150
Author(s):  
Tom Smith ◽  
Ed Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Access To Justice ◽  
Legal Aid ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Legal Representation ◽  
Police Station ◽  
Competitive Tendering ◽  
Financial Pressure ◽  
Liberal Reform ◽  
The Right

The right to legal representation is a fundamental right, and arrangements for funding this are crucial to ensuring access to justice for those accused of criminal offences. Criminal legal aid has long been regarded as an entitlement for most citizens, particularly the most economically vulnerable. However, criminal legal aid has been cast in a different light in recent years, viewed not through the lens of welfarism but subjected to neo-liberal values such as cost neutrality, marketisation and managerialism. This was particularly evident in the ‘Transforming Legal Aid’ consultation of 2013, which resurrected the idea of competitive tendering for provision of criminal legal aid services. Although not pursued in full, subsequent changes – including cuts of 8.75% to fees for legal aid lawyers – appear to have significantly affected the scope of criminal legal aid. The number of providers of such services has consistently declined over the past decade and firms have frequently reported significant financial pressure. Arguably, these reforms – justified in neo-liberal terms – have affected access to justice and by extension the quality of justice offered by the Criminal Justice System, CJS. This chapter will examine the market-driven reform of criminal legal aid in recent years, and consider two apparent examples of impact: evidence of an increasing number of litigants-in-person in criminal cases; and the outsourcing of police station work to independent ‘agents’. The chapter will also question some of the apparent contradictions in neo-liberal reform of criminal legal aid, such as the deliberate policy of reducing the size of the provider market; and the ‘false economies’ created by the pursuit of efficiency and economy: goals which are underpinned and enforced by the Criminal Procedure Rules.

scholarly journals The Methodological Quality and Challenges in Conducting Economic Evaluations of Newborn Screening: A Scoping Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Pasquale Cacciatore ◽  
Laurenske A. Visser ◽  
Nasuh Buyukkaramikli ◽  
Catharina P. B. van der Ploeg ◽  
M. Elske van den Akker-van Marle
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Newborn Screening ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Methodological Quality ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
Life Years

Cost-effectiveness (CEA) and cost–utility analyses (CUA) have become popular types of economic evaluations (EE) used for evidence-based decision-making in healthcare resource allocation. Newborn screening programs (NBS) can have significant clinical benefits for society, and cost-effectiveness analysis may help to select the optimal strategy among different screening programs, including the no-screening option, on different conditions. These economic analyses of NBS, however, are hindered by several methodological challenges. This study explored the methodological quality in recent NBS economic evaluations and analyzed the main challenges and strategies adopted by researchers to deal with them. A scoping review was conducted according to PRISMA methodology to identify CEAs and CUAs of NBS. The methodological quality of the retrieved studies was assessed quantitatively using a specific guideline for the quality assessment of NBS economic evaluations, by calculating a general score for each EE. Challenges in the studies were then explored using thematic analysis as a qualitative synthesis approach. Thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. The quantitative analysis showed that the methodological quality of NBS economic evaluations was heterogeneous. Lack of clear description of items related to results, discussion, and discounting were the most frequent flaws. Methodological challenges in performing EEs of neonatal screenings include the adoption of a long time horizon, the use of quality-adjusted life years as health outcome measure, and the assessment of costs beyond the screening interventions. The results of this review can support future economic evaluation research, aiding researchers to develop a methodological guidance to perform EEs aimed at producing solid results to inform decisions for resource allocation in neonatal screening.

scholarly journals KETERBUKAAN INFORMASI DI PERADILAN DALAM RANGKA IMPLEMENTASI INTEGRITAS DAN KEPASTIAN HUKUM

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Ridwan Mansyur
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Information Disclosure ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
Legal Certainty ◽  
Information Transparency ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Supreme Court

As a public institution in the field of justice, the Supreme Court is required to commit to apply the disclosure of information. Nowadays, transparency of information disclosure in the context of justice for the Supreme Court is not only the public needs but also the needs of all residents of the judiciary. With the judicial transparency, will slowly happen to strengthen accountability and professionalism and integrity of the judiciary residents. Commitment to provide disclosure of both the process and the end result is a concrete manifestation of public services as access to justice (access to justice) given by the Court at the lowest levels up to the Supreme Court.  Quality of excellent public services through the transparency of the judicial information disclosure is the estuary of execution Reform of Bureaucracy.Keywords : Information transparency, Judicial, Integrity and Legal Certainty

scholarly journals Randomized Controlled Trials in Medical AI A Methodological Critique

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantin Genin ◽  
Thomas Grote
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
Better Than

Various publications claim that medical AI systems perform as well, or better, than clinical experts.However, there have been very few controlled trials and the quality of existing studies has been calledinto question. There is growing concern that existing studies overestimate the clinical benefits of AIsystems. This has led to calls for more, and higher-quality, randomized controlled trials of medicalAI systems. While this a welcome development, AI RCTs raise novel methodological challenges thathave seen little discussion. We discuss some of the challenges arising in the context of AI RCTs andmake some suggestions for how to meet them.

scholarly journals The Boundaries of Research in an Authoritarian State

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 160940691987646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saltanat Janenova
Keyword(s):  
Asian Country ◽  
Political Environment ◽  
Quality Of Data ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Authoritarian State ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
The Impact

This article provides a reflective analysis of a local scholar on methodological challenges of conducting research in Kazakhstan — a post-Soviet, authoritarian, Central Asian country. It specifically addresses the problems of getting access to government officials and the quality of data, describes the strategies applied by the researcher to mitigate these obstacles, and discusses the impact of the political environment on decisions relating to the research design, ethical integrity, safety of participants and researchers, and publication dilemma. This article will be of interest both for researchers who are doing or planning to conduct research in Kazakhstan and Central Asia and those who are researching in nondemocratic contexts as methodological challenges of an authoritarian regime stretch beyond the geographical boundaries.

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