scholarly journals Santorini Volcano and its Plumbing System

Elements ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy H. Druitt ◽  
David M. Pyle ◽  
Tamsin A. Mather
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Caldera Collapse ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Lower Intensity ◽  
Arc Volcanism ◽  
Plinian Eruptions ◽  
Magma Reservoirs ◽  
Magma Pulses ◽  
Santorini Volcano ◽  
Natural Laboratory

Santorini Volcano is an outstanding natural laboratory for studying arc volcanism, having had twelve Plinian eruptions over the last 350,000 years, at least four of which caused caldera collapse. Periods between Plinian eruptions are characterized by intra-caldera edifice construction and lower intensity explosive activity. The Plinian eruptions are fed from magma reservoirs at 4–8 km depth that are assembled over several centuries prior to eruption by the arrival of high-flux magma pulses from deeper in the sub-caldera reservoir. Unrest in 2011–2012 involved intrusion of two magma pulses at about 4 km depth, suggesting that the behaviour of the modern-day volcano is similar to the behaviour of the volcano prior to Plinian eruptions. Emerging understanding of Santorini's plumbing system will enable better risk mitigation at this highly hazardous volcano.

scholarly journals Time-window into the transcrustal plumbing system dynamics of Dominica (Lesser Antilles)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Léa Ostorero ◽  
Georges Boudon ◽  
Hélène Balcone-Boissard ◽  
Daniel J. Morgan ◽  
Thiebaut d'Augustin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Magma Mixing ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Volcanic Risk ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Plinian Eruptions ◽  
System Analysis Approach

<p>A transcrustal mush system has been recognized beneath Dominica (Lesser Antilles) with different magma ponding zones that generated a series of pumiceous eruptions from Morne Trois Pitons–Micotrin volcano. Here, the latest, large, pumiceous eruption (Grand Fond - 24 kyrs cal BP) and four, smaller, Plinian eruptions (18-9 kyrs cal BP) are investigated. Pre-eruptive magma dynamics within the mush are unraveled through orthopyroxene phenocrysts by combining a Crystal System Analysis approach (on unzoned and zoned orthopyroxenes) and timescale estimates derived by intracrystalline Fe-Mg interdiffusion modeling. Two magmatic environments are recognized in the mush and have mixed, more or less vigorously, before the successive eruptions. Few interactions between the two magmas began 15-34 years prior to the small Plinian eruptions, but the sustained mixing occurred in the last 2 years. This contrasts with longer timescales (2-80 years) obtained for the larger eruption of Grand Fond with magmas stored deeper. These magma mixing timescales have significant implications for volcanic risk mitigation, with a growing reactivation signal that could be registered at the surface few years prior to the eruptions.</p>

scholarly journals Time-window into the transcrustal plumbing system dynamics of Dominica (Lesser Antilles)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lea Ostorero ◽  
Georges Boudon ◽  
Hélène Balcone-Boissard ◽  
Daniel J. Morgan ◽  
Thiebaut d’Augustin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Lesser Antilles ◽  
Volcanic Risk ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Crystal System ◽  
Magma Dynamics ◽  
Modelling Approaches

AbstractDominica, one of the most magmatically active islands of the Lesser Antilles through its four active volcanoes, is likely host under its central part, below Morne Trois Pitons–Micotrin, to a well-established transcrustal mush system. Pre-eruptive spatiotemporal magma dynamics are examined for five, explosive, pumiceous eruptions of this volcano in the last 24 kyrs through a combined Crystal System Analysis and intracrystalline Fe–Mg interdiffusion timescales modelling approaches. Before all eruptions, two magmatic environments of close compositions have interacted. These interactions began ~ 10–30 years prior to the four smaller of these eruptions, with more sustained mixing in the last decade, accelerated in the last 2 years. This contrasts with the largest pumiceous eruption, involving deeper magmas, with magma interaction starting over roughly a century but with various patterns. This suggests a possibility that increasing reactivation signals could be registered at the surface some years before future eruptions, having significant implications for volcanic risk mitigation.

Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 366 (6470) ◽  
pp. eaaz1822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle R. Anderson ◽  
Ingrid A. Johanson ◽  
Matthew R. Patrick ◽  
Mengyang Gu ◽  
Paul Segall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Lava Lake ◽  
Kilauea Volcano ◽  
Magma Reservoir ◽  
Caldera Collapse ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Caldera Formation ◽  
Shallow Reservoir ◽  
Magma Reservoirs ◽  
Kīlauea Volcano

Caldera-forming eruptions are among Earth’s most hazardous natural phenomena, yet the architecture of subcaldera magma reservoirs and the conditions that trigger collapse are poorly understood. Observations from the formation of a 0.8–cubic kilometer basaltic caldera at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018 included the draining of an active lava lake, which provided a window into pressure decrease in the reservoir. We show that failure began after <4% of magma was withdrawn from a shallow reservoir beneath the volcano’s summit, reducing its internal pressure by ~17 megapascals. Several cubic kilometers of magma were stored in the reservoir, and only a fraction was withdrawn before the end of the eruption. Thus, caldera formation may begin after withdrawal of only small amounts of magma and may end before source reservoirs are completely evacuated.

scholarly journals A Crystal Mush Perspective Explains Magma Variability at La Fossa Volcano (Vulcano, Italy)

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1094
Author(s):  
Simone Costa ◽  
Matteo Masotta ◽  
Anna Gioncada ◽  
Marco Pistolesi
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Textural Features ◽  
Crystal Mush ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Magmatic System ◽  
Mixing Processes ◽  
Magma Reservoirs ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Compositional Variability ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The eruptive products of the last 1000 years at La Fossa volcano on the island of Vulcano (Italy) are characterized by abrupt changes of chemical composition that span from latite to rhyolite. The wide variety of textural features of these products has given rise to several petrological models dealing with the mingling/mixing processes involving mafic-intermediate and rhyolitic magmas. In this paper, we use published whole-rock data for the erupted products of La Fossa and combine them in geochemical and thermodynamic modelling in order to provide new constrains for the interpretations of the dynamics of the active magmatic system. The obtained results allow us to picture a polybaric plumbing system characterized by multiple magma reservoirs and related crystal mushes, formed from time to time during the differentiation of shoshonitic magmas, to produce latites, trachytes and rhyolites. The residing crystal mushes are periodically perturbated by new, fresh magma injections that, on one hand, induce the partial melting of the mush and, on the other hand, favor the extraction of highly differentiated interstitial melts. The subsequent mixing and mingling of mush-derived melts ultimately determine the formation of magmas erupted at La Fossa, whose textural and chemical features are otherwise not explained by simple assimilation and fractional crystallization models. In such a system, the compositional variability of the erupted products reflects the complexity of the physical and chemical interactions among recharging magmas and the crystal mushes.

Detailed timescale of magma-chamber assembly and eruption revealed by ultra-high precision zircon U-Pb geochronology on a Permian caldera plumbing system, Sesia Magmatic System (southern Alps, Italy)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Tavazzani ◽  
Jörn-Frederik Wotzlaw ◽  
Rita Economos ◽  
Silvano Sinigoi ◽  
Gabriella Demarchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Southern Alps ◽  
Isotopic Dilution ◽  
Caldera Collapse ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Magmatic System ◽  
Zircon Crystallization ◽  
Single Zircon

&lt;p&gt;In recent years, technical developments in isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry technique (ID-TIMS) have pushed the precision of single zircon U-Pb geochronology to new limits. The use of interlaboratory calibrated U-Pb tracer solutions for isotopic dilution [1] paired with using newly developed high ohmic resistors (10&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;Ohm) in Faraday cup amplifiers, allow the determination of single zircon dates with precision and accuracy at the 0.02 % level [2].This level of analytical precision makes the ID-TIMS technique a geochronological tool able to unravel the detailed temporal evolution of magmatic plumbing systems older than the Mesozoic Era.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the southern Alps, a thick sliver of continental crust, tilted and exhumed during the Alpine orogeny, is exposed as a complete crustal cross-section (Ivrea crustal section). This section preserves a transcrustal magmatic system, developed in an extensional environment in &lt;em&gt;ca.&amp;#160;&lt;/em&gt;4 My during the Early Permian [3]. Its upper crustal portion consists of a zoned granitic intrusion (Valle Mosso pluton) overlaid by a dominantly rhyolitic caldera-related volcanic field (Sesia Caldera).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To obtain a time-integrated view of the petrological evolution of this plumbing system, we combine a new ultra high precision ID-TIMS zircon U-Pb dataset with zircon geochemistry from samples collected in compositionally and texturally different units of the Valle Mosso pluton and Sesia Caldera. All the analyzed units are coeval within 700 ky and the overall trends in zircon trace elements (Eu*/Eu, Zr/Hf, Sm/Yb) suggest an evolution of the reservoir dominated by fractional crystallization. The data show a ca. 200 ky gap in zircon crystallization, following the injection of recharge magma that triggered the eruption of the crystal-rich rhyolite followed by caldera collapse [3]. This suggests mass addition and rejuvenation of a partly crystallized mush, which temporarily hindered zircon crystallization. On the other hand, crystal-poor rhyolites, characterized by a younger eruption age and evolved zircon composition, likely represent late stage evacuation of evolved melt lenses extracted from a mostly crystalline framework.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[1] Condon, D. J., et al., 2015, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, &lt;strong&gt;164&lt;/strong&gt;, 464-480.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[2] Wotzlaw, J. F., et al., 2017, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., &lt;strong&gt;32&lt;/strong&gt;, 579-586.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[3] Karakas, O., et al., 2019, Geology, &lt;strong&gt;47&lt;/strong&gt;, 1-5.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Postcaldera intrusive magmatism at the Platoro caldera complex, Southern Rocky Mountain volcanic field, Colorado, USA

Geosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy K. Gilmer ◽  
Ren A. Thompson ◽  
Peter W. Lipman ◽  
Jorge A. Vazquez ◽  
A. Kate Souders
Keyword(s):  
Magma Mixing ◽  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
Volcanic Field ◽  
Caldera Collapse ◽  
Hydrothermal Mineralization ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Magma Pulses ◽  
Magmatic History ◽  
Southern Rocky Mountain

The Oligocene Platoro caldera complex of the San Juan volcanic locus in Colorado (USA) features numerous exposed plutons both within the caldera and outside its margins, enabling investigation of the timing and evolution of postcaldera magmatism. Intrusion whole-rock geochemistry and phenocryst and/or mineral trace element compositions coupled with new zircon U-Pb geochronology and zircon in situ Lu-Hf isotopes document distinct pulses of magma from beneath the caldera complex. Fourteen intrusions, the Chiquito Peak Tuff, and the dacite of Fisher Gulch were dated, showing intrusive magmatism began after the 28.8 Ma eruption of the Chiquito Peak Tuff and continued to 24 Ma. Additionally, magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization is associated with the intrusive magmatism within and around the margins of the Platoro caldera complex. After caldera collapse, three plutons were emplaced within the subsided block between ca. 28.8 and 28.6 Ma. These have broadly similar modal mineralogy and whole-rock geochemistry. Despite close temporal relations between the tuff and the intrusions, mineral textures and compositions indicate that the larger two intracaldera intrusions are discrete later pulses of magma. Intrusions outside the caldera are younger, ca. 28–26.3 Ma, and smaller in exposed area. They contain abundant glomerocrysts and show evidence of open-system processes such as magma mixing and crystal entrainment. The protracted magmatic history at the Platoro caldera complex documents the diversity of the multiple discrete magma pulses needed to generate large composite volcanic fields.

scholarly journals Magma Storage Conditions of Large Plinian Eruptions of Santorini Volcano (Greece)

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 1129-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Cadoux ◽  
Bruno Scaillet ◽  
Timothy H. Druitt ◽  
Etienne Deloule
Keyword(s):  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Magma Storage ◽  
Plinian Eruptions ◽  
Santorini Volcano ◽  
Magma Storage Conditions
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