Progress and Benefits to Humanity from Breeding Warm-Season Grasses for Turf

2015 ◽  
pp. 49-70
Author(s):  
Philip Busey
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Base Temperatures for Seedling Growth and Their Correlation with Chilling Sensitivity for Warm-Season Grasses

Crop Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 874 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. Madakadze ◽  
K. A. Stewart ◽  
R. M. Madakadze ◽  
D. L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Chilling Sensitivity ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Herbicides for Postemergence Control of Annual Grass Weeds in Seedling Forage Grasses

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Peters ◽  
Russell S. Moomaw ◽  
Alex R. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Big Bluestem ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Large Crabgrass ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

The control of three summer annual grass weeds with herbicides during establishment of forage grasses was studied near Concord and Mead, NE, in 1984, 1985, and 1986. Three cool-season forage grasses, intermediate wheatgrass, tall fescue, and smooth bromegrass, and two warm-season grasses, big bluestem and switchgrass, were included. The control of three major summer annual grasses, green foxtail, barnyardgrass, and large crabgrass, was excellent with fenoxaprop at 0.22 kg ai/ha. Slight to moderate injury to cool-season forage grasses and severe injury to warm-season grasses were evident. Sethoxydim at 0.22 kg ai/ha and haloxyfop at 0.11 kg ai/ha controlled green foxtail and large crabgrass, but not barnyardgrass. Sulfometuron-treated big bluestem and switchgrass plots had the best forage stand frequencies and yields and, at the rate used, sulfometuron satisfactorily controlled green foxtail but only marginally controlled barnyardgrass and large crabgrass.

Seasonal and temperature effects on mycorrhizal activity and dependence of cool- and warm-season tallgrass prairie grasses

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 1596-1602 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Bentivenga ◽  
B. A. D. Hetrick
Keyword(s):  
Tallgrass Prairie ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Fungal Activity ◽  
Prairie Grasses ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Previous research on North American tallgrass prairie grasses has shown that warm-season grasses rely heavily on vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, while cool-season grasses are less dependent on the symbiosis (i.e., receive less benefit). This led to the hypothesis that cool-season grasses are less dependent on the symbiosis, because the growth of these plants occurs when mycorrhizal fungi are inactive. Field studies were performed to assess the effect of phenology of cool- and warm-season grasses on mycorrhizal fungal activity and fungal species composition. Mycorrhizal fungal activity in field samples was assessed using the vital stain nitro blue tetrazolium in addition to traditional staining techniques. Mycorrhizal activity was greater in cool-season grasses than in warm-season grasses early (April and May) and late (December) in the growing season, while mycorrhizal activity in roots of the warm-season grasses was greater (compared with cool-season grasses) in midseason (July and August). Active mycorrhizal colonization was relatively high in both groups of grasses late in the growing season, suggesting that mycorrhizal fungi may proliferate internally or may be parasitic at this time. Total Glomales sporulation was generally greater in the rhizosphere of cool-season grasses in June and in the rhizosphere of the warm-season grasses in October. A growth chamber experiment was conducted to examine the effect of temperature on mycorrhizal dependence of cool- and warm-season grasses. For both groups of grasses, mycorrhizal dependence was greatest at the temperature that favored growth of the host. The results suggest that mycorrhizal fungi are active in roots when cool-season grasses are growing and that cool-season grasses may receive benefit from the symbiosis under relatively cool temperature regimes. Key words: cool-season grasses, tallgrass prairie, vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae, warm-season grasses.

scholarly journals Management of native warm-season grasses for beef cattle and biomass production in the Mid-South USA1

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 3143-3153 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Backus ◽  
J. C. Waller ◽  
G. E Bates ◽  
C. A. Harper ◽  
A. Saxton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

scholarly journals Risk and returns from grazing beef cattle on warm‐season grasses in Tennessee

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher N. Boyer ◽  
Katelynn Zechiel ◽  
Patrick D. Keyser ◽  
Justin Rhinehart ◽  
Gary E. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

RESPONSE OF THREE WARM-SEASON GRASSES TO VARYING FERTILITY LEVELS ON FIVE SOILS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 657-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. TAYLOR ◽  
D. W. ALLINSON
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Big Bluestem ◽  
P Fertilization ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Animal production in New England has been limited by inadequate forage during mid- to late summer when cool-season grasses are in summer dormancy. Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman), indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash] and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) are warm-season grasses that may be a perennial source of summer forage. Since production of these warm-season grasses would be limited to the less fertile soils of the region, a greenhouse study was conducted to examine the growth and quality of these species in five acid, infertile soils as well as fertilizer-amended soils. The soils were fertilized with limestone (L), limestone plus nitrogen (LN), limestone, nitrogen plus phosphorus (LNP), and limestone, nitrogen, phosphorus plus potassium (LNPK). Limestone was applied to adjust soils to a pH of 6.5. Fertilizer was applied at rates of 45, 117 and 111 kg/ha of N, P and K, respectively. First harvest yields were greatest for switchgrass and big bluestem, but indiangrass produced significantly greater yields than either of the other grasses in the second harvest. In both harvests, the yields of all grasses were greatest under the LNP and LNPK fertility regimes. Nitrogen, without P, did not significantly increase yields above the control treatment in the first harvest. Yield responses to P fertilization varied with soils. Although P appeared to be the limiting factor insofar as growth was concerned, the yield response from P fertilization would probably be limited without N fertilization. Indiangrass was significantly higher in crude protein and K concentration and significantly lower in Ca concentration than big bluestem and switchgrass. Phosphorus concentrations were below the recommended levels for ruminant nutrition.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and harvest impact on warm-season grass biomass yield and feedstock quality

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Chamara Sandaruwan Weerasekara Imbulana Acharige
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Feedstock Quality ◽  
Harvest Timing ◽  
Bioenergy Feedstocks ◽  
Partial Factor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Perennial warm-season grasses including switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), big bluestem (Andropogon geradii Vitman), and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans L.) have drawn interest as bioenergy feedstocks due to their high yielding capacity with minimal amounts of inputs under a wide range of environments, and their capability to produce multiple environmental benefits. Nitrogen (N) fertility and harvest timing are considered as critical management practices when optimizing biomass yield and the feedstock quality of these grasses. The objective of this investigation was to quantify the impact of N fertilizer rate, N timing and harvest date on warm season biomass dry matter yield. Research was conducted in 2014 and 2015 on a total of four field-plot locations situated in central and west-central Missouri. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied using dry ammonium nitrate at the rates of 0, 34, 67, and 101 kg ha-1 at two application times, all N early spring and split N (early spring and following 1st harvest). Harvest treatments were as follows: 1) one cut in September; 2) one cut in November; 3) one cut in June and a second in September; and 4) one cut in June and a second in November. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with N rate as the main plot and harvest as the sub-plot in arandomized complete block design. Both N and harvest date and their interactions impacted biomass yield at all four locations. Delaying harvesting until late fall or killing frost increased yield. November harvest in combination with N rates grater than or equal to 67 kg ha-1 year-1 produced higher yields compared to the control and 34 kg ha-1N treatments and other harvest timing strategies. Although N was needed to optimize yield, partial factor 24 productivity (PFP) of applied N was flat when N applied was greater than 34 kg ha-1. Nitrogen fertilization at 67 kg ha-1 per growing season provided an opportunity to maintain a balance between both yield and efficiency of N inputs. Results of this research highlight the interactions of N fertilization and harvest management have when optimizing yield of warm-season grasses grown as bioenergy feedstocks. List of acronyms: N, Nitrogen; PFP, partial factor productivity.

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