Effects of Near-Surface Hydraulic Gradients on Nitrate and Phosphorus Losses in Surface Runoff

2004 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 2174-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fen-Li Zheng ◽  
Chi-Hua Huang ◽  
L. Darrell Norton
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Hydraulic Gradients ◽  
Phosphorus Losses

scholarly journals Effect of Saturated Near Surface on Nitrate and Ammonia Nitrogen Losses in Surface Runoff at the Loess Soil Hillslope

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-bin Zhang ◽  
Fen-li Zheng ◽  
Ning Cao
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Loess Soil ◽  
Total Loss ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Hydraulic Gradients ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

Water pollution from agricultural fields is a global problem and cause of eutrophication of surface waters. A laboratory study was designed to evaluate the effects of near-surface hydraulic gradients on NO3–N and NH4–N losses in surface runoff from soil boxes at 27% slope undersimulated rainfall of a loess soil hillslope. Experimental treatments included two near-surface hydraulic gradients (free drainage, FD; saturation, SA), three fertilizer application rates (control, no fertilizer input; low, 120 kg N ha-1; high, 240 kg N ha-1), and simulated rainfall of 100 mm h-1was applied for 70 min. The results showed that saturated near-surface soil moisture had dramatic effects on NO3–N and NH4–N losses and water quality. Under the low fertilizer treatment, average NO3–N concentrations in runoff water of SA averaged 2.2 times greater than that of FD, 1.6 times greater for NH4–N. Under the high fertilizer treatment, NO3–N concentrations in runoff water from SA averaged 5.7 times greater than that of FD, 4.3 times greater for NH4–N. Nitrogen loss formed with NO3–N is dominant during the event, but not NH4–N. Under the SA condition, the total loss of NO3–N from low fertilizer treatment was 34.2 to 42.3% of applied nitrogen, while under the FD treatment that was 3.9 to 6.9%. However, the total loss of NH4–N was less than 1% of applied nitrogen. These results showed that saturated condition could make significant contribution to water quality problems.

scholarly journals Impacts of Tile Drainage on Phosphorus Losses from Edge-of-Field Plots in the Lake Champlain Basin of New York

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura B. Klaiber ◽  
Stephen R. Kramer ◽  
Eric O. Young
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Tile Drains ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Phosphorus Losses ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Reduced Surface

Quantifying the influence of tile drainage on phosphorus (P) transport risk is important where eutrophication is a concern. The objective of this study was to compare P exports from tile-drained (TD) and undrained (UD) edge-of-field plots in northern New York. Four plots (46 by 23 m) were established with tile drainage and surface runoff collection during 2012–2013. Grass sod was terminated in fall 2013 and corn (Zea mays L.) for silage was grown in 2014 and 2015. Runoff, total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total suspended solids (TSS) exports were measured from April 2014 through June 2015. Mean total runoff was 396% greater for TD, however, surface runoff for TD was reduced by 84% compared to UD. There was no difference in mean cumulative TP export, while SRP and TSS exports were 55% and 158% greater for UD, respectively. A three day rain/snowmelt event resulted in 61% and 84% of cumulative SRP exports for TD and UD, respectively, with over 100% greater TP, SRP and TSS exports for UD. Results indicate that tile drainage substantially reduced surface runoff, TSS and SRP exports while having no impact on TP exports, suggesting tile drains may not increase the overall P export risk.

Rare earth elements tracing interrill erosion processes as affected by near-surface hydraulic gradients

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 ◽  
pp. 104673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenfeng Wang ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Yujie Wang ◽  
Yunqi Wang ◽  
Wenlong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Hydraulic Gradients ◽  
Interrill Erosion

Modeling Phosphorus Losses through Surface Runoff and Subsurface Drainage Using ICECREAM

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongkai Qi ◽  
Zhiming Qi ◽  
T. Q. Zhang ◽  
C. S. Tan ◽  
Debasis Sadhukhan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Subsurface Drainage ◽  
Phosphorus Losses

scholarly journals How can we be sure fracking will not pollute aquifers? Lessons from a major longwall coal mining analogue (Selby, Yorkshire, UK)

2015 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul L. Younger
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
List Type ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Upward Migration ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Hydraulic Gradients

ABSTRACTDevelopment of shale gas by hydraulic fracturing (‘fracking’) is opposed by campaigners who propose (inter alia) that freshwater aquifers could be polluted by upward migration of fractures and any fluids they contain. Prima facie hydrogeological analysis of this proposition has been undertaken. For it to occur, two conditions must be satisfied: (i)sufficient hydraulic interconnection (i.e., a continuous permeable pathway); and(ii)a sustained driving head, oriented upwards.With regard to (i), shale gas developers have a major vested interest in avoiding creating such hydraulic connection, as it would result in uneconomically excessive amounts of water needing to be pumped from their wells to achieve gas production. In relation to (ii), nominal upward hydraulic gradients will typically only be developed during fracking for periods of a few hours, which is far too brief to achieve solute transport over vertical intervals of one or more kilometres; thereafter, depressurisation of wells to allow gas to flow will result in downward hydraulic gradients being maintained for many years. The proposition is therefore found to be unsupportable. Albeit for contrasting motivations, developers and environmental guardians turn out to have a strong common interest in avoiding inter-connection to aquifers.A powerful illustration of the potential long-term effects of fracking is provided by the hydrogeological history of underground coal mining in the UK. Where large-scale mining proceeded from the surface downwards, major hydraulic inter-connection of shallow and deep zones resulted in widespread water pollution. However, where new mines were developed at depth without connections to shallow old workings (as in the Selby Coalfield, Yorkshire), complete hydraulic isolation from the near-surface hydrogeological environment was successfully maintained. This was despite far greater stratal disruption and induced seismicity than shale gas fracking could ever produce. The lesson is clear: without hydrogeological connectivity to shallow aquifers, shale gas fracking per se cannot contaminate shallow ground water.

Controllability of Phosphorus Losses in Surface Runoff from Sloping Farmland Treated by Agricultural Practices

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 1704-1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingwen Zhang ◽  
Shanghong Chen ◽  
Yuequn Dong ◽  
Dinghui Liu ◽  
Xiaojuan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Phosphorus Losses ◽  
Sloping Farmland

scholarly journals Interannual Variation in Hydrologic Budgets in an Amazonian Watershed with a Coupled Subsurface–Land Surface Process Model

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2597-2617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Niu ◽  
Chaopeng Shen ◽  
Jeffrey Q. Chambers ◽  
John M. Melack ◽  
William J. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Central Amazon ◽  
Stream Discharge ◽  
Strong Control

Abstract The central Amazon forest is projected to experience larger interannual precipitation variability, with uncertain impacts on terrestrial hydrologic fluxes. How surface runoff, groundwater, and evapotranspiration (ET) change as a function of annual precipitation (AP) has large climate and biogeochemical implications. A process-based hydrological model is used to examine the sensitivity of hydrologic budgets and stream discharge Qs generation to AP in an upland Amazon catchment. The authors find that AP strongly controls infiltration, base flow, and surface runoff, but not ET. Hence, AP alone can predict interannual changes in these fluxes except ET. Experiments with perturbed rainfall show the strong control derives from the predominant groundwater component that varies linearly with AP but is insensitive to seasonal rainfall fluctuations. Most rainfall from large storms infiltrates and becomes base flow rather than runoff or ET. Annual baseflow index (BFI; the fraction of stream discharge from base flow) is nearly constant (~0.8) when AP is below ~2500 mm yr−1 and decreases with AP above this value, which represents an inflection point for increased storage-dependent saturation excess. These results indicate that the system is energy limited and groundwater dominated in dry seasons, which implies some resilience of ET to moderate droughts. The results suggest AP is a good predictor for interannual changes in infiltration. Both the seasonal near-surface soil moisture and surface runoff are correlated more strongly to the subsurface fluxes than to precipitation over monthly and annual time scales. Finally, the results confirm the importance of central Amazon groundwater flow and its buffering effect on storms and droughts, implying needed model development in regional to global models.

scholarly journals Effects of Underlay on Hill-Slope Surface Runoff Process of Cupressus funebris Endl. Plantations in Southwestern China

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 644
Author(s):  
Bingchen Wu ◽  
Shi Qi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Pattern ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Micro Topography

Clarifying the impact of underlay (i.e., the combination of near-surface vegetation and surface micro-topography) on the surface runoff process would provide a significant theoretical basis for the adjustment of vegetation patterns and the control of soil erosion on steep slopes in mountainous areas of southwestern China. In the current study, the runoff process under different rainfall characteristics was observed based on 10 natural runoff plots, and the correlation between the spatial pattern of cypress (Cupressus funebris), micro-topography, and runoff characteristic parameters was tested using the Pearson correlation coefficient method. The coupling effects of the spatial pattern of cypress and micro-topography on surface runoff also were analyzed using the Response Surface Method (RSM). The results showed that (1) under the conditions of long-duration moderate rainfall or long-duration rainstorm, topographic relief, surface roughness, runoff path density, contagion index of cypress, and stand density of cypress were the main reasons for the difference in the peak flow of each runoff plot, while under the condition of the short-duration rainstorm, the factors previously mentioned were no longer the dominant factors; (2) under the conditions of long-duration heavy rainfall or long-duration rainstorm, the common laws reflected by the response of the peak flow to the composite index of the spatial pattern of cypress and micro-topography were that (1) when the composite index of the spatial pattern of cypress (V) was below 21 and the composite index of micro-topography (U) was below 10.5, the peak flow would not be significantly affected; (2) when U > 10.5, increasing the composite index of the spatial pattern of cypress within a certain range would promote peak flow; (3) when U < 7.5 and V > 18, the increase of V value could significantly reduce the peak flow, and on this basis, adjusting the V value to 41, the reduction rate of peak flow could reach 84%.

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