Ensuring Food Security in India in the 21st Century: The Role of Public Policy, Expenditures, and Institutions

This literature review covers hyperinflation in Venezuela, from the 1980s to the present. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of cryptocurrency in the country and how the Venezuelan government has been using crypto, specifically the Petro, as a means to avoid further blunders with hyperinflation. From Hugo Chávez and “Socialism of the 21st Century” to the current regime of Nicolás Maduro, Chávez’ successor, the printing of money in Venezuela has sky-rocketed to the point of the government needing cryptocurrency, such as Bitcoin, as a means of circumventing inflation to fund the government’s ambitious social projects. A key element in its success, however, will be whether the Venezuelan people will opt to use the government-backed Petro, or whether they will opt to use a different, decentralized alternative digital currency to avoid the perils of hyperinflation. The paper will examine this issue from several diverse points of view: specifically, the Austrian School (Echarte Fernández, Hernández, & Zambrano, 2018), the neo-Keynesian school (Pagliacci & Barráez, 2010), and public policy and institutional perspective (Corrales, 1999). The use of cryptocurrencies by governments, in particular socialist governments, is a new occurrence and merits much attention for the future of public and monetary policy in those countries.

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Productivity Growth and Entrepreneurship in Pakistan: The Role of Public Policy in Promoting Technology Management

THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ◽

10.35536/lje.2016.v21.isp.a19 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (Special Edition) ◽

pp. 427-446

Author(s):

Shaukat Hameed Khan

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Technology Management ◽

21St Century ◽

Productivity Growth ◽

Knowledge Economy ◽

Modern Technology ◽

Information Revolution ◽

Organizational Changes ◽

Skill Levels

Numerous public announcements are made regularly in Pakistan about moving towards a knowledge economy. These appear to be wishful thinking in the absence of any coherent understanding of the role of technology and its spillovers as major drivers of development and growth as well as lack of clarity about the manner in which science and technology are organized in Pakistan. Pakistan has not really been able to manage the major organizational changes brought about by the techno-information revolution of the 21st century. Its competitiveness is falling, organizational changes are slow and workforce skill levels are inadequate – all of which have stalled productivity and innovation. Pakistan faces a serious risk of deindustrialization unless the dynamics and disruptive nature of modern technology are better understood and embedded as a key pillar of public policy in order to enhance productivity and innovation. This article attempts to define the nexus between technology and entrepreneurship and show how it differs from scientific research. It also examines the role of public policy in promoting productivity growth and entrepreneurship through better policies in technology management.

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