Ways of Using Endoscopy to Determine Growth and Quality of Root Systems

2015 ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Claude Maertens
Keyword(s):  
Root Systems

Decay and stain 10 years later in aspen suckers subjected to scarification at age 3

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1507-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Basham
Keyword(s):  
Normal Growth ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Stem Growth ◽  
Internal Quality ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Root Collar ◽  
Basidiomycete Fungi

A trembling aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) sucker stand was scarified at age 3 to benefit subsequently planted white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss). Survivors were examined 4, 6, and 10 years after treatment. The effects of scarification on aspen stem growth, and on external and internal quality of both roots and stems, were assessed at those times. Damage inflicted on the parent root system significantly reduced stem growth after scarification. Ten years after scarification normal height growth had resumed, but diameter growth was still slightly slower than that of unscarified suckers. Scarification wounds on the root systems were common and frequently associated with root and root-collar decay. Both the root systems and stems of scarified suckers had significantly more internal decay and stain than those of unscarified suckers. Stem wounds apparently caused by scarification were present on approximately 75% of the survivors, and accounted for most of the extra defect in scarified stems. The extent of advanced stem decay was closely correlated with the severity of stem wounds. Several basidiomycete fungi known to cause advanced butt and stem decay in mature aspen in Ontario were isolated from decay within the root systems and stems of scarified suckers. In unscarified suckers these basidiomycetes were not isolated or were isolated much less frequently. The large numbers of surviving suckers, their nearly normal growth rates, and the relatively small size of the planted spruce 10 years after scarification indicate that the aspen will develop into well-stocked, harvestable stands. However, a high proportion of the aspen that survive scarification will likely be more susceptible than unscarified aspen to windthrow or breakage. The scarified trees will likely be of lower quality as well, because the incidence and extent of decay in the root systems and lower stems are comparatively high.

scholarly journals Cotton Gin Compost as a Substrate Component in Container Production of Nursery Crops

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Jackson ◽  
Amy N. Wright ◽  
David M. Cole ◽  
Jeff L. Sibley
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Periodic Growth ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
And Chemical Properties ◽  
Cotton Gin

Abstract Shoot and root growth of plants grown in substrate blends containing cotton gin compost (CGC) were compared to plants grown in a traditional pine bark (PB) blend. In 2002 ‘Winter Gem’ boxwood, ‘Firepower’ dwarf nandina, and ‘Midnight Flare’ azalea were potted in four substrate blends containing by volume 6:1 PB:sand (S), 4.5:1.5:1 PB:CGC:S, 1:1 PB:CGC, or 1.5:4.5:1 PB:CGC:S. Plants were grown for nine months on a container pad in Auburn, AL. In 2003–2004 this study was repeated with ‘Renee Mitchell’ azalea as a replacement for ‘Midnight Flare’ azalea. Periodic growth measurements and a final visual root ball evaluation were conducted in each experiment. Substrates were analyzed to determine physical properties (air space, water holding capacity, total porosity, and bulk density) and chemical properties (pH and electrical conductivity). In both experiments, growth indices of all cultivars in substrates containing CGC were similar to or greater than those of the PB:S control blend. Visual quality of root systems was similar for all plants across all substrates.

scholarly journals OVERVIEW OF DESIGNS OF TREE-PLANTING MACHINE FOR OPEN AREAS AND CLEARED FELLING

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
S. Bubnov ◽  
Sergey Malyukov ◽  
Aleksey Aksenov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Natural Forest Regeneration

Reforestation is the main, priority task of the modern forest complex. Natural forest regeneration has long been considered a priority. Natural regeneration, as a way of reforestation, has a number of significant drawbacks. Firstly, the natural regeneration of forests in burned areas and deforestation does not occur immediately after deforestation, but over a fairly long time ̶ reforestation period, during which various unfavorable processes ̶ soil erosion, sodding develop on an unforested area. Secondly, natural renewal quite often leads to a change of species, i.e. desired valuable breeds do not grow. As a result, the territory is overgrown with minor soft-leaved species that have low economic value. Mechanized landing, i.e. artificial reforestation, also has a number of disadvantages. Therefore, planting operations carried out under various conditions are the most labor-intensive and responsible operations. The technological process of planting seedlings and seedlings of various tree species with both open and closed root systems is presented. The analysis of existing designs of forest planting machines for open areas, fires and clearings is carried out. Deficiencies were identified that affect the quality of the planting process and reduce the survival rate of planted seedlings and seedlings.

scholarly journals Arborização em canteiros centrais na cidade de Patos, Paraíba

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
J. N. Lucena ◽  
P. C. Souto ◽  
J. D. Z. Camaño ◽  
J. S. Souto ◽  
L. S. Souto
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Anthropogenic Effects ◽  
Electrical Networks ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
The City

A arborização de canteiros nas cidades é uma prática que embeleza e permiti reduzir efeitos antropogênicos. O trabalho objetivou quantificar e avaliar a qualidade das árvores localizadas em canteiros centrais da cidade de Patos-PB e o risco que elas representam para a população. Foi realizado o levantamento florístico em 1.391,95 m de canteiros centrais, registrando informações dendrométricas e qualitativas quanto aos aspectos das condições existentes no meio. Foram registrados 166 indivíduos representados em 14 espécies, sendo 71,4% exóticas com destaque para Azadirachta indica e Prosopis juliflora. A maioria das árvores são adultas e medem mais de 10 cm de DAP com altura variando entre 1,6-7,21 m. Em relação à avaliação do risco, não registrou-se indivíduos em conflito com as redes elétricas e sim a presença de galhos ocos nos níveis médio e leve. Na maioria dos indivíduos o sistema radicular apresenta-se subterrâneo, mas, observou-se que 70,1% não apresentam neilóides em superfície, aumentando a suscetibilidade de risco de queda desses indivíduos. Conclui-se que as espécies de maior ocorrência nos canteiros centrais da cidade de Patos são exóticas e que a maioria dos indivíduos sofreram intervenção silvicultural de forma inadequada.Arborization in the medians of the city of Patos, Paraíba EstateAbstract: The arborization in the central urban area of cities is a practice that beautifies urban areas and reduces anthropogenic effects in these areas. The aim of the present study was to measure and assess the quality of trees located in the medians of the city of Patos, PB, through identifying, quantifying and characterizing the vegetation in three different medians and evaluating the risks these trees posed to the population. The analyzed vegetation included 166 individual trees belonging to 14 different species, 71.4% of which were exotic species. The most represented species were Azadirachta indica and Prosopis juliflora. Most of the tress were fully grown and measured over 10 cm DBH with heights ranging from 1.6 to 7.21 m. In relation to risk assessment, there were no specimens that interfered with the electrical networks, but the presence of hollow branches was found in low to medium levels. In most individuals the root systems were located underground, but it was observed that 70.1% of the evaluated trees had surface roots (neilóides), increasing their susceptibility to falling. This study concluded that most of the trees in the medians of Patos city are exotic and most of these trees have suffered inappropriate silvicultural intervention.

scholarly journals IBA, Juvenility, and Position on Ortets Influence Propagation of Carolina Buckthorn from Softwood Cuttings

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Indolebutyric Acid ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Influence Propagation ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Foliar Traits ◽  
Juvenile Plants

Abstract Carolina buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana Walt.) has horticultural potential but is not often propagated or grown as a nursery crop. My objective was to determine how three concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) affect foliar quality of cuttings, callus development, and rooting of terminal and subtending softwood cuttings from both juvenile and mature stock plants (ortets). Twelve cuttings were assigned to each of 12 factorial treatment combinations and held under intermittent mist for five weeks. Fewer than 10% of cuttings not treated with IBA rooted. Rooting ≥75% resulted when IBA at 3 or 8 g/kg (3000 or 8000 ppm) was applied unless the cuttings were from terminal positions on mature ortets. High quality and dry weight of leaves were associated with subtending cuttings that were juvenile and with terminal cuttings that were mature, but these foliar traits did not lead to particularly high rooting percentages. Juvenile cuttings with IBA at 8 g/kg (8000 ppm) formed the most primary roots and developed root systems with the greatest weight, and dry weight of roots on juvenile cuttings that were subtending (25.6 mg) was about four times that ofjuvenile, terminal cuttings (6.5 mg). The longest individual roots were on juvenile cuttings with IBA at 3 or 8 g/kg (3000 or 8000 ppm). Frequency of callus on the cut end of stems decreased as IBA concentration increased and was 94 and 75%, respectively, for cuttings from juvenile and mature ortets. Nearly all cuttings with IBA at 3 or 8 g/kg (3000 or 8000 ppm) developed callus on wounds that had been made along the sides of their stems. The frequency of side callus was greater for juvenile, subtending cuttings than for juvenile, terminal cuttings; the opposite was true for mature cuttings. These results confirm the sensitivity of stem cuttings of Carolina buckthorn to IBA. The data also demonstrate that use of subtending wood will improve rooting percentages of cuttings from mature ortets, and that use of subtending cuttings from juvenile plants and of IBA at 8 g/kg (8000 ppm) will increase the number and dry weight of roots.

Effects of Four Base Cutter Blade Designs on Sugarcane Stem Cut Quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1551-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Abdul Momin ◽  
Paul A. Wempe ◽  
Tony E. Grift ◽  
Alan C. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Straight Blade ◽  
Impact Cutting ◽  
Cut Quality ◽  
Stem Damage ◽  
Sugarcane Harvester ◽  
High Level

Abstract. The cut quality of sugarcane stems during harvesting is of considerable importance, as any damage inflicted on the stems and root systems affects ratooning and reduces yield. In current conventional cutting systems for sugarcane, relatively little attention has been paid to optimizing the cutting dynamics by investigating various blade designs and configurations. One limitation of impact cutting methods is the relatively rapid blunting of the blade edges through wear, leading to stem damage. This study aimed at investigating the effects on sugarcane cut quality of four base cutter blade designs: a conventional straight blade, a 30° angled blade, a serrated blade, and a straight blade with laser cladding on its underside. Blades of each type were installed at a 45° angle on a base cutter fitted to a John Deere 3520 sugarcane harvester. Stem damage, root system damage, and stubble height were considered as cut quality indicators, and blade wear was evaluated as the percentage of metal mass loss after completing each harvesting operation. In this study, the extent of stem and root system damage was classified into nine categories: (1) undamaged stem, not uprooted, (2) undamaged stem, partially uprooted, (3) undamaged stem, uprooted, (4) partially damaged stem, not uprooted, (5) partially damaged stem, partially uprooted, (6) partially damaged stem, uprooted, (7) severely damaged stem, not uprooted, (8) severely damaged stem, partially uprooted, and (9) severely damaged stem, uprooted. The highest percentage of stems damaged during harvesting (approx. 38%) and the highest percentage of root systems damaged (approx. 36%) occurred with the angled blade. The percentages of undamaged stems for the straight, angled, serrated, and laser clad blades were 76.9%, 62.1%, 83.1%, and 72.3%, respectively; partially damaged stems were 11.25%, 21.97%, 11.29%, and 17.73%, respectively; and severely damaged stems were 11.9%, 15.9%, 5.65%, and 9.9%, respectively. Except for the angled blade, all the blades cut almost 80% of stems without affecting the root system, and only 5% of stems were uprooted. Indices for stem damage and uprooting damage were calculated to evaluate the cut quality on a scale from -1.00 (least damage) to +1.00 (greatest damage). For both indices, the serrated blade had values closest to the target value of -1.00, implying the least damage to stems and root systems. Greater stubble heights (110 mm) were observed for the angled blade, with 76% of cut stems above the target 75 mm threshold, which was selected based on the farmer’s suggestion. Comparatively less stubble height was obtained with the serrated and laser clad blades, and roughly 60% of stems were cut in the ideal range (<75 mm). Blade wear percentages per ha of harvested area, based on metal mass loss, were found to be 0.76% for the laser clad blade, 0.83% for the serrated blade, and 0.84% for the straight blade. No mass loss data were collected for the angled blade as it caused such a high level of stem damage that its test was discontinued. The results of this study classified the levels of stem and root system damage occurring in the field during harvesting and their effects on ratooning for four base cutter blade designs. Fundamental guidelines for optimal blade configurations associated with sugarcane harvesting are provided. Keywords: Blade wear, Stem damage, Stubble height, Sugarcane harvester.

scholarly journals Substrates and controlled-release fertilizations on the quality of eucalyptus cuttings

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1124-1129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richardson B. G. da Silva ◽  
Magali R. da Silva ◽  
Danilo Simões
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Coconut Fibre ◽  
Proper Values

To produce cuttings with quality, the most appropriate nutritional management strategies should be sought to reduce wastage of fertilizer, while accounting for the characteristics of each substrate. This study evaluated the effect of substrates and doses of controlled-release fertilizer on the quality of Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden x Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake cuttings. The substrates consisted of several mixtures: vermiculite+carbonized rice chaff+coconut fibre (1:1:1); vermiculite+coconut fibre (1:1); and vermiculite+carbonized rice chaff (1:1). These mixtures were added to 2, 4, 6 and 8 kg of controlled-release fertilizer per cubic meter of substrate. The substrates that do not support root development and have lower water retention, independently of the dose of controlled-release fertilizer, reduce the quality of the root system. For substrates with proper values of water retention, such as vermiculite+coconut fibre (1:1) and vermiculite+carbonised rice chaff+coconut fibre (1:1:1), the utilization of dose 2 kg of controlled-release fertilizer to each cubic meter is enough to promote cuttings with greater quality of the root systems and proper heights and stem diameters.

scholarly journals Growth, Production, and Bean Quality of Coffea arabica as Affected by Interspecific Grafting: Consequences for Rootstock Breeding

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoît Bertrand ◽  
Hervé Etienne ◽  
Albertus Eskes
Keyword(s):  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Growth Production ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Vascular Connections

In order to avoid nematode damage to roots of Coffea arabica L. in Latin America, a common practice is interspecific grafting on C. canephora var. Robusta (Pierre) rootstocks. The performance of two C. arabica cultivars, `Caturra' and `Catimor T5175', was evaluated on four rootstocks: C. canephora var. Robusta (`T3561' and `T3757') and C. liberica var. liberica (Hiern) and var. dewevrei (Lebrun), over 5 years in a trial at 1180 m elevation in Costa Rica. Nongrafted plants of the two Arabica cultivars were used as controls. Mortality of plants grafted on the two C. liberica cvs. was >20% vs. 6% to 13% for plants grafted on C. canephora, and 3% to 4% for the two controls. Analysis of accumulated yields over four harvests showed that the rootstocks limited stem girth and reduced yield 10% to 48%. Yield on the C. canephora rootstock was greater than that on the two C. liberica cultivars. However, grafting did not affect female fertility (peaberries, empty berries) or content of several chemicals, such as caffeine, fat, and sucrose. The two C. liberica rootstocks significantly reduced aroma and bean size. Histological studies revealed symptoms of incompatibility, characterized by more dilated and less distinct growth rings and appearance of plugged vascular connections. The poor performance of the rootstocks may therefore be explained by partial incompatibility. However, growth and productivity were also affected by poor adaptations of C. canephora, C. liberica, and C. dewevrei to the lower temperature at high altitudes and by morphological differences in the root systems. These results emphasize the need to develop better adapted rootstock cultivars from C. canephora var. Robusta.

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF PLANT LIFTER OPERATING MODES ON THE DIGGING QUALITY OF PLANTING MATERIAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-208
Author(s):  
Igor' Kazakov
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Operating Speed ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Working Bodies

One of the important indicators of the quality of planting material grown in forest nurseries is preservation of roots and the amount of soil remaining on the root system of plants when they are excavated. Machines used in forest nurseries for digging planting material do not fully meet these requirements, since soil layer is not sufficiently loosened and soil is not separated from the root systems of plants. In addition, considerable effort is required to extract plants from the soil, and part of the roots is cut off. Modern plant lifters with active working bodies enable to separate the soil from the root systems of plants and ensure safety of the required amount on them, reducing the effort to extract plants from the soil. The article presents the results of studies of the influence of plant lifter operating modes on the quality of planting material harvesting, on the basis of which the rational oscillation frequency of the levers and beats within 675 counts/min is substantiated when applying one oscillation of 5.4 cm/count and operating speed 2.2 km/h. These operation modes of plant lifter ensure the preservation of soil on the root system of enlarged spruce seedlings in the amount of 136.2 g and allowable effort to remove them from the soil within 36.4 N.

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